从发展中国家汇率制度的演变看人民币汇率制度的变革

汇率制度选择关系到一国宏观经济目标的实现和经济金融的安全。从理论上说,发展中国家汇率制度的选择总是基于一定的理论前提,并受其所处的客观环境的影响。但实际上却呈现出偏好相对固定汇率制度这一特点,对此应理性看待。我国是发展中国家,应从本国的实际出发,借鉴发展中国家的经验,确定好不同时期的汇率选择目标。     

人民币汇率制度改革取向与目标选择

学术界有关汇率制度选择的争论可以归纳为传统的固定与浮动之争和现在的两极与中间汇率制度之争.事实上,没有单一的一种汇率制度可以在任何时期适用于任何国家.汇率制度选择应根据每个国家特定时期、特定情况而定.本文提出人民币汇率制度的改革取向短期内维持钉住汇率制度不变;中期实行单边目标区汇率制度;长期走向自由浮动汇率制.     

发展中国家的汇率制度选择

合理的汇率制度对经济发展有较强的促进作用，如何选择合理的汇率制度，是摆在每一个发展中国家面前的问题。本探讨了目前的几种汇率制度的利弊与发展中国家就根据实际情况选择最适合的汇率制度。     

人民币汇率制度选择

摘要：在分析发达国家和发展中国家的汇率制度选择的基础上，提出中国的人民币汇率制度选择建议。汇率制度的选择问题绝不仅仅是静态的，它本身是一国央行对该国经济情况的有机选择。“自由浮动”的人民币汇率制度将成为人民币汇率制度变迁的最终选择。     

基于汇率制度影响因素的汇率制度选择：一个理论综述

汇率制度的选择是一个动态的转换过程,影响汇率制度的因素包括许多方面。基于影响汇率制度的经济因素,应从经济结构特征、价格确定及货币危机理论等角度探讨汇率制度选择理论;基于影响汇率制度的政策因素,应从政策配合、BBC规则及政府信誉等角度探讨汇率制度选择理论。此外,对发展中国家汇率制度选择的讨论在20世纪90年代多次金融危机后开始大量增加,其中比较有影响力的是“原罪论”与“浮动恐惧论”。     

论发展中国家的汇率制度选择

在金融全球化背景下,汇率制度的安排与选择对于发展中国家来说是十分重要的.无论发展中国家采取钉住汇率制还是浮动汇率制,都不能确保汇率的稳定和经济的持续增长.为此,发展中国家必须对其汇率制度进行改革,其改革的合理路径应是正确设定汇率变化的目标区、加强区域性的货币合作和限制投资资本的无度流动.从长远看,我国汇率制度的改革方向是要形成以市场供求为基础的、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制,并增加汇率的弹性,扩大汇率的浮动区间.     

全球汇率制度选择的主要特征及启示北大核心CSSCISSCI

汇率制度选择问题长期以来是国际金融领域关注和争论的重要论题。本文通过对2001年至2014年全球汇率制度变化的梳理,发现选择中间汇率制度的经济体不仅没有减少反而有上升趋势,这一事实与传统的"中间汇率消失论"相悖。通过对全球汇率制度与经济规模、经济发展水平、经济开放度关系的分析,本文认为中间汇率制度符合发展中国家的国情。根据以上分析提出了当前人民币汇率制度选择的建议,即,维持和优化当前的管理浮动汇率制度较为适宜。     

退出盯住汇率制度:发展中国家的路径选择与比较

近10年来,在国际资本高度流动和国际金融危机频繁爆发的背景下,发展中国家汇率制度选择成为国际金融体系争论的核心问题之一。本文拟从分析盯住汇率制度无法维持的现状入手,研究其不可维系的理论和现实原因,通过国别比较,总结其成功经验和失败教训,以期能对人民币汇率制度选择有所借鉴。     

成功实行钉住汇率制应具备的条件

在当今国际金融环境下，发展中国家在选择汇率制度方面陷入了困境，成功实行钉住汇率制是其较好的选择。     

当前人民币汇率制度选择的理论思考

任何汇率制度都只是实现经济目标的手段而不是目的,我们在各个时期选择的汇率制度应该是对我国经济发展最有利的制度。在现有的国际货币体系下,如果资本项目尚未开放,则理性的选择应该是固定汇率制度;如果资本项目已完全开放,则实行浮动汇率制是有效而保险的。对于中国这样一个资本账户部分开放的国家,现阶段重新回到真正意义上的有管理的浮动汇率制是必要的,也是可行的。     

发展中国家的货币错配与汇率制度选择困境

货币错配是诱发发展中国家货币金融危机的一个重要因素,也加大了危机的解决成本。货币错配问题的形成是内外因素双重作用的结果,长期实行的“软”钉住汇率制度是其中的一个重要原因。发展中国家普遍遇到了货币错配与汇率制度选择的两难困境,僵硬的汇率制度为货币错配风险的累积提供了正向激励,加深了货币错配,货币错配程度的加深强化了汇率制度的“浮动恐惧”,必须采取有效措施走出这个困境。     

中间汇率制度安排的理论沿革与中国实践借鉴

汇率目标区理论和有管理的浮动制度理论作为两种主要的中间汇率制度理论,各有其优缺点。国际汇率制度的演变并未明显地呈现出汇率制度的选择收敛于两极制度,中间汇率制度仍将继续构成未来实际汇率制度的重要组成部分。一国汇率制度的选择只能按照严谨的成本收益分析,根据本国的经济结构和经济特点,与其他国家的政治博弈能力,以及其他影响汇率制度选择的主导性因素,选择成本最小而又最适合本国实情的汇率制度。在中国金融渐进开放过程中,人民币汇率制度的变革趋势应是选择符合中国实情的中间汇率制度,同时要逐渐扩大人民币汇率浮动幅度。     

Exchange Rate Policy and Sovereign Bond Spreads in Developing Countries

This paper analyzes how exchange rate policy affects the issuance and pricing of sovereign bonds for developing countries. We find that countries with less flexible exchange rate regimes pay higher spreads and are less likely to issue bonds. Changing a free‐floating regime to a fixed regime decreases the likelihood of bond issuance by 5.5% and increases the spread by 88 basis points on average. Countries with real overvaluation have higher spreads and higher bond issuance probabilities. The effects of real overvaluation on sovereign bonds tend to be magnified for countries with fixed exchange rate regimes.     

International risk sharing and the choice of exchange-rate regime

This paper examines the argument that the fixed exchange-rate regime should be preferred to the flexible rate regime because the former allows risk sharing across countries while the latter does not. The analysis is performed in a two-country overlapping generations model, where markets are incomplete under all exchange regimes. It is shown that risks are pooled across countries when the equilibrium exchange rate is constant across states of nature, which arises under the fixed rate regime with or without capital restriction, and under the flexible rate regime without capital restriction. Risks are not pooled across countries when the equilibrium exchange rate is different across states of nature, which arises under the flexible rate regime with capital restriction. But in a model with incomplete markets, the ability to share risk across countries in the regimes with constant exchange rates does not necessarily lead to higher welfare than the inability to share risk in the regime with random exchange rates.     

International transmission of inflation under alternative exchange rate regimes: Empirical evidence and its implications

This is a study of the transmission pattern of inflation under alternative exchange rate regimes, fixed and flexible, among the Group of Seven (G-7) countries and their subsets, including four members of the European Union (EU) and two countries from North America. Our key empirical findings are as follows. The price levels of several countries that we found move together as a cointegrated system, forming an equilibrium relationship under both fixed and flexible exchange regimes. Second, the speed of adjustment estimates show that the transmission of inflationary disturbances across countries is less pronounced under the flexible exchange rate regime than under the fixed exchange rate regime. Third, the US was found to be the main producer of inflationary innovations among G-7 countries, whereas the UK was found to be the main producer of inflationary innovations among the EU countries, regardless of exchange rate regime.     

金融发展、汇改最优次序与长期经济增长--基于118个经济体的面板模型的分析

本文构建由金融发展、资本开放、汇率制度与产出增长组成的理论模型,选取世界上118个经济体1972-2016年的宏观数据,综合运用动态面板、面板门槛与面板IV模型进行实证分析。本文得出主要结论为:第一,在汇率制度弹性对长期经济增长的边际影响中,金融发展水平呈显著为正的调节效应;第二,对于金融发展水平较高的国家,汇率制度弹性在资本项目开放度与长期经济增长之间存在显著正向的调节效应;第三,在金融发展水平较高时,对外贸易开放度在汇率制度弹性与长期经济增长之间存在显著为正的中介效应。借鉴历史发展经验,本文归纳出"先发展国内金融市场,再开放浮动汇率,最后加强资本开放"的汇改最优次序,为我国克服汇率制度改革难点、推进资本项目开放、维持经济基本面稳定增长提出合理化政策建议。     

Exchange rate regime durability and performance in developing versus advanced economies

Drawing on new data and advances in exchange rate regimes’ classification, we find that countries appear to benefit by having increasingly flexible exchange rate systems as they become richer and more financially developed. For developing countries with little exposure to international capital markets, pegs are notable for their durability and relatively low inflation. In contrast, for advanced economies, floats are distinctly more durable and also appear to be associated with higher growth. For emerging markets, our results parallel the Baxter and Stockman classic exchange regime neutrality result, though pegs are the least durable and expose countries to higher risk of crisis.     

事实汇率制度选择、企业生产率与对外直接投资

企业“走出去”和汇率制度安排灵活化是中国参与全球经济的两大典型特征,本文从企业异质性视角讨论了双边事实汇率制度选择对企业对外直接投资的影响效应。理论层面上,本文将Gali and Monacelli(2005)的一般均衡框架拓展为两国模型,发现双边固定汇率制度降低了企业进入东道国开展OFDI活动的生产率阈值,提高了企业对外直接投资倾向。同时,尽管企业生产率的提升能够促进企业对外直接投资活动,但其促进力度明显不及双边事实固定汇率制度安排。实证层面上,本文采用了中国商务部公布的2000-2013年《境外投资企业(机构)名录》等微观企业数据,发现双边事实固定汇率制度能使企业进行OFDI概率平均提高0.8%~55.4%。考虑其他异质性因素及内生性问题后,本文主要结论依然稳健。     

Cointegrated Periodically Collapsing Bubbles in the Exchange Rate of “BRICS”

We test the occurrence of periodically recurring rational bubbles in the exchange rate of each of the “BRICS” countries currency relative to the US dollar. The forward exchange rate is used as a proxy for the expected exchange rate, different Purchasing Parity Power (PPP)-based rules for the fundamental exchange rate are considered, and its initial value is endogenously determined. For the chosen model, the regime switching equation satisfactorily fits the data, confirming the presence of rational bubbles for all countries. The dynamics of the exchange rate series for each country is interpreted with the help of the estimated bubbles. The bubbles are compared across countries, found to be cointegrated, and this is interpreted as evidence of the international transmission of exchange rate shocks between these countries.