浅析物权法之预告登记制度

在现实生活中，由于以前我国法律制度没有对不动产物权变动是否可以进行物权预告登记做出明文规定，致使大量案件纠纷得不到公平有效的解决。《物权法》的颁布，对这个问题做了明确的规定。预告登记制度，在学者的千呼万唤中，终于被写入了中国法律。它作为不动产登记中的一项重要制度，对保障当事人的权利、保护交易安全、维护市场信用具有重要作用。本文从概念，特征，效用等方面对预告登记制度的进行阐述和分析。     

面向碳金融的银行科技创新

碳金融的兴起源于国际气候政策的变化以及两个国际公约——《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》。碳金融是指服务于减缓气候变化而进行的温室气体排放控制的各种金融制度安排和金融交易活动,主要以直接投资融资、银行授信或贷款、碳指标交易、碳期权期货等一系列金融工具为支撑,包含碳排放权及相关衍生品的交易与投资、低碳项目的开发与融资及其它相关的金融交易或中介活动。     

论不动产物权变动效力

分析不同物权变动模式和效力，以及对不动产交易的影响。物权变动还存在着程序权利。选择有利于保障安全、便捷和有序的物权变动模式是很有意义的。     

“物权法定原则”的理论反思与制度完善

物权类型封闭原则起源于潘德克顿法学,其本意只是限制私法自治,并无限制物权法律渊源的意图。东亚地区的物权法定原则是物权类型封闭原则的亚类型,即在物权类型封闭原则的基础上,附加限制了物权法律渊源。物权类型封闭原则的形式合理性在于对物债二分体系的维护,其实质合理性则主要在于保障财物的可流通性与交易安全,同时也发挥着公共政策功能。虽然在公示制度逐渐完善的情况下,物权类型封闭的交易安全保障功能已经减弱,但其在体系维护和公共政策方面仍然发挥着无可替代的功能。已经实行物权类型封闭原则的国家并无改采物权自由创设的必要,同时物权自由创设本身包含的制度风险也削弱了其可行性。我国的民法体系、登记制度现状以及特殊国情决定了未来民法典应当维持物权法定原则,但物权法律渊源应当与民法法律渊源保持一致。立法机关应当对物权法定原则的规范表达进行完善,并对相关制度做出妥善安排。     

物权请求权与诉讼时效问题研究

目前我国民事立法中并未确立物权请求权的概念,只在《物权法》中以第三章＂物权的保护＂规定了四种保护物权的具体方式,尽管物权请求权的诉讼时效没有任何立法确认,但是关于物权请求权是否适用诉讼时效制度,仍然存在争议。我国主要有三种观点,即肯定说、否定说和折衷说。本文认为,物权请求权兼具物权和债权的某些特性,但考虑到我国关于诉讼制度的现行立法状况,无论从物权请求权的性质出发,还是从物权请求权的类型分析,都不应适用诉讼时效制度。     

土地承包权、土地经营权的性质阐释

着眼于农地“三权分置”改革的政策目标,以既有土地承包经营权制度为基础,通过对“所有权—用益物权”之他物权生成逻辑的拓展,土地经营权得以建立源自“用益物权—次级用益物权”的权利架构。土地经营权是土地承包经营权人设定的次级用益物权,其生成是土地承包经营权人行使其用益物权的结果,分置出土地经营权的土地承包经营权即为土地承包权。通过扩大解释《物权法》第117条中“动产”的含义以及登记技术信息化对物权类型和内容的扩容,物权法完全可以容纳土地经营权这一新型物权。“成员权说”对土地承包权性质的阐释,“总括权利说”“两权说”“债权说”对土地经营权性质的阐释都有偏颇之处,并可能引发实践中的现实问题。     

评深圳市碳排放权交易相关规定之进步与不足

碳排放管控制度、配额管理制度、抵消制度、交易制度和第三方核查制度是《深圳经济特区碳排放管理若干规定》的基本制度。深圳市与国内其它碳排放权交易试点的相关规定相比较,其进步主要体现在：“四种类型、三个板块”的独特交易体系的设计,企业碳排放核查制度的开启,初始分配方式的灵活化,政府对碳排放市场价格的调控。但在交易主体的界定以及无偿分配的配额量方面还是存在着一定的缺陷。     

评深圳市碳排放权交易相关规定之进步与不足

碳排放管控制度、配额管理制度、抵消制度、交易制度和第三方核查制度是《深圳经济特区碳排放管理若干规定》的基本制度。深圳市的进步主要体现在：＂四种类型、三个板块＂的独特交易体系的设计。但在交易主体的界定以及无偿分配的配额量方面还是存在着一定的缺陷。     

《物权法》中的物权变动规则及其对商业银行业务影响

物权变动，即物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭的总称。《物权法》最核心的要义之一就是通过对物权变动的规制，来规范市场交易行为和保护交易安全。涉及到银行业务，诸如在信贷业务中各种担保物权何时取得、何时消灭等等也都直接与物权变动规则有关。可以说，物权变动是《物权法》的“灵魂”，掌握了物权变动规则就基本上领会了《物权法》。     

物权编体系重构应变土地所有权为非限定土地使用权

《物权法》以土地所有权为基础,忽视了公有制下土地所有权的特殊性,导致了精神背离和体系紊乱。土地所有权更多是公权力,构成土地基础性财产权的是土地使用权。在土地使用权的制度实践中,存在一种非限定的土地使用权类型,其用途非限定、时间永久且可自由转让,物权编应以之作为土地所有权在物权法中的对应权利,而将土地所有权逐出物权编,从而建立起以非限定土地使用权为自物权,以限定土地使用权为用益物权的物权体系。     

我国碳交易市场发展的制约因素及路径选择

面对日益增大的减排压力,中国作为发展中减排大国,建立碳交易市场势在必行。目前,中国发展碳交易市场存在金融参与不足,减排区域分割特性明显,在国际碳交易市场中缺乏定价权,中介服务能力欠缺和制度不规范等制约因素。借鉴发达国家碳交易市场的发展经验,本文提出了如下发展中国碳交易市场的路径:首先,设定碳排放权限额,确保碳排放权的非公共物品化;其次,依托现有排污权交易市场开展碳排放权交易,建立碳排权现货与期货市场;第三,明确政府定位,完善碳交易市场监督与管理。     

从制度经济学角度分析土地流转

我国农村土地制度具有三个特点:等级性、社区封闭性和政府控制。与产权残缺相比,土地的保障功能更可能是减少供给从而阻碍土地流转的主要原因。土地承包权只有成为物权,才能表现为一种具有交换价值的独立资产。赋予农户以处分权的意义也在于使承包者能够将承包权当作独立的交换价值进行流转。只有存在完整意义上的承包经营权,才谈得上形成土地使用权流转的市场机制。     

水权交易制度相关研究综述

文章主要对水权交易相关问题的研究进行了综述.主要内容包括关于解决水问题的制度回应的研究进展及述评、关于水权定义的相关研究进展及述评、关于初始水权分配的相关研究进展及述评、关于水权交易的相关研究进展及述评和政府在水权交易中的作用的相关研究进展和述评.通过对国内外学者观点的研究综述,以期为我国可交易水权制度的构建、实施和完善提供借鉴.     

Accounting for human rights: The challenge of globalization and foreign investment agreements

The triumph of neoliberalism has promoted trade and investment as the dominant routes to economic and social development. This has further enhanced the power of transnational corporations. Developing countries are increasingly expected to secure foreign investment to stimulate their economies and lift the local population out of poverty. However, foreign investment also has implications for protection and enjoyment of human rights. Transnational corporations manage their risks by imposing stabilization clauses on host countries that constrain their ability to protect and enhance human rights. Conventional accounting and corporate social responsibility reports seem to be unable to respond to the emerging agenda on human rights. This paper seeks to stimulate debates about the protection and enjoyment of human rights by drawing attention to the way corporations constrain governments and people through clauses in investment agreements. Some evidence is provided through an examination of an investment agreement relating to the Chad–Cameroon oil and pipeline project. The paper calls for the production of counter accounts to challenge the hegemony of corporations and create spaces for the enjoyment of human rights.     

产权、所有权安排与融资偏好

成熟市场的企业,由于技术和信息不对称方面的原因,更偏好于债权融资,而不是股权融资.在中国资本市场存在严重信息不对称的情况下,我国企业仍十分偏好于股权融资.这种选择基本上是经营者基于保持控制权的自利性考虑.其根源在于国有产权主体的抽象化、由此导致的失控的所有权安排、股权投资主体控制权的丧失以及债权投资主体拥有的状态依存控制权的威慑.     

Property Investment and Property Development Firm Performance Around Initial Public Offerings and Rights Offerings: U.K. Evidence

In contrast to the well-documented underperformance of equity issuers, property investment firms undertaking initial public offerings and rights issues have performed indistinguishably from similar nonissuing firms. Property development companies that issued equity over the same period performed significantly worse than nonissuing firms. The major difference between property development and property investment firms is that property investment firms hold portfolios of real estate assets and thus have more certain prices. The lower pricing uncertainty of property investment firms results in normal long-run performance. Tests of the cognitive bias hypothesis provide only weak support of this explanation, while size and book-market effects are unable to account for the performance of property investment and development companies. The findings of underperformance for rights issues suggest that timing equity issues to take advantage of new shareholders may not be linked to the existence of cognitive bias. An important finding for the international growth in securitized real estate markets is that no evidence is found suggesting equity issues of securitized real estate firms should be avoided.     

Privatization,financial development,property rights and growth

This study analyzes how prevailing institutional arrangements i.e., property rights, contracting rights, political institutions, and corporate governance practices affect privatized firms’ performance, capital markets development, and economic growth. Most of the studies surveyed show that privatization enhances privatized firms performance, efficiency, and profitability, which percolates to economic growth. Privatized firms performed better in countries with better regulatory and legal frameworks. Partial privatization may be beneficial in countries with weak institutions, namely, the French civil law countries. The stronger the economic and the governing institutions, the easier it is for privatized firms to thrive and contribute to economic growth. Overall, privatization allows firms to achieve improved efficiency while driving the development of the financial sector.     

On the Legislative Investigation and Analysis of Criminal defendant’s Access to the Right to counsel

我国法律规定了被告人享有辩护权,并且这种权利的行使可以得到律师的帮助,律师在刑事诉讼中的职责就是依据事实和法律为委托人进行辩护,维护其合法权益。但是从现行制度下被告人和辩护律师所享有的权利来考察,很难说被告人真正地、充分地享有辩护权,因为在刑事诉讼中被告人和辩护律师所享有的权利十分有限,辩护律师在刑事诉讼中也不享有完整的辩护权,同时司法现况与被告人获得律师帮助权的基本要求差距甚大。本文对我国被告人获得律师帮助权制度及其运行进行了考察,并对相关问题进行了分析。     

基于CDM机制的国际碳排放权贸易价格波动性研究

运用规范分析和基于GARCH模型族的实证分析发现:清洁发展机制(CDM)下国际碳排放权核证减排单位(CERs)市场的价格波动是政治博弈、国际经济形势等多重因素共同冲击的结果。其价格波动呈现时变性、聚集性和持续性特征,市场"杠杆效应"明显。我国作为全球CDM项目的最大供给方,为了掌握定价权,必须寻求CERs市场价格波动规律、积极参与国际气候环境条款的谈判、选择恰当贸易时机和建立CDM项目风险管理体系。     

Does the market value greenhouse gas emissions? Evidence from multi-country firm data

Despite increasing global attention on corporate carbon emissions, few studies have examined the value relevance of carbon emission information in the international context. This paper examines whether carbon emission information voluntarily disclosed by a firm affects its market value. After controlling for a firm's likelihood to provide voluntary carbon disclosures, we find that the level of carbon emissions is negatively related to firm value. This negative impact is more prominent for firms in countries that have a national carbon emission trading scheme and stringent environmental regulations. Furthermore, corporate governance is found to reduce the negative value effect of carbon emissions, indicating that shareholders have favorable perceptions regarding the carbon management ability of firms with good corporate governance. Cultural contexts such as uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation also affect the value effect of risks and future liabilities associated with carbon emissions. We find that the value-decreasing effect of carbon emissions is weaker in countries characterized by high uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientations.