Debt, bargaining, and credibility in firm–supplier relationships

We examine optimal leverage for a downstream firm relying on implicit (self-enforcing) contracts with a supplier. Performing a leveraged recapitalization prior to bargaining increases the firm's share of total surplus. However, the resulting debt overhang limits the range of credible bonuses, resulting in low input quality. Optimal financial structure trades off bargaining benefits of debt with inefficiency resulting from overhang. Consistent with empirical evidence, the model predicts that leverage increases with supplier bargaining power (e.g., unionization rates) and decreases with utilization of non-verifiable inputs (e.g., human capital).     

How do leverage ratios affect bank share performance during financial crises: The Japanese experience of the late 1990s

This study investigates the relationship between leverage ratios and bank share performance for a sample of Japanese banks during the period of financial crisis in the late 1990s. We differentiate between two types of leverage ratios: book leverage and market leverage. We show that market leverage instead of book leverage observed before the crisis has statistically and economically significant predictive power for the cross-sectional variation in bank performance during the crisis, even after controlling for a variety of other indicators reflecting bank’s characteristics and financial conditions. We also find that banks with lower market leverage ratios were affected more adversely by the failure announcements of large financial institutions during the crisis. The results are robust across alternative model specifications, statistical methodologies, lengths of sample intervals, and measures of bank share performance during the crisis. Our results therefore have important implications for regulators in identifying distressed banks that are vulnerable to the deterioration in conditions of the financial system.     

A multiple regime smooth transition Heterogeneous Autoregressive model for long memory and asymmetries

In this paper we propose a flexible model to describe nonlinearities and long-range dependence in time series dynamics. The new model is a multiple regime smooth transition extension of the Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) model, which is specifically designed to model the behavior of the volatility inherent in financial time series. The model is able to simultaneously approximate long memory behavior, as well as describe sign and size asymmetries. A sequence of tests is developed to determine the number of regimes, and an estimation and testing procedure is presented. Monte Carlo simulations evaluate the finite-sample properties of the proposed tests and estimation procedures. We apply the model to several Dow Jones Industrial Average index stocks using transaction level data from the Trades and Quotes database that covers ten years of data. We find strong support for long memory and both sign and size asymmetries. Furthermore, the new model, when combined with the linear HAR model, is viable and flexible for purposes of forecasting volatility.     

Stochastic volatility with leverage: Fast and efficient likelihood inference

This paper is concerned with the Bayesian analysis of stochastic volatility (SV) models with leverage. Specifically, the paper shows how the often used Kim et al. [1998. Stochastic volatility: likelihood inference and comparison with ARCH models. Review of Economic Studies 65, 361–393] method that was developed for SV models without leverage can be extended to models with leverage. The approach relies on the novel idea of approximating the joint distribution of the outcome and volatility innovations by a suitably constructed ten-component mixture of bivariate normal distributions. The resulting posterior distribution is summarized by MCMC methods and the small approximation error in working with the mixture approximation is corrected by a reweighting procedure. The overall procedure is fast and highly efficient. We illustrate the ideas on daily returns of the Tokyo Stock Price Index. Finally, extensions of the method are described for superposition models (where the log-volatility is made up of a linear combination of heterogenous and independent autoregressions) and heavy-tailed error distributions (student and log-normal).     

企业微观风险对宏观金融风险的传导分析

本通过对亚洲金融风暴的反思和分析，研究微观的企业财务风险是如何传导蔓延引发宏现金融危机；提出宏观财政体系、金融体系与微观企业财务体系在财务结构上具有同构性的观点；指出资产结构和经营风险的关系、财务结构与财务风险的关系、多种杠杆作用对风险的传导与放大作用以及不可忽视杠杆对企业和社会的正负双向影响作用；特别提出要防止微观经营主体将自己的风险向社会转嫁，政府和企业都必须重视财务管理，从源头上化解风险，防止微观风险对宏观金融的传导、放大和扩散。     

控股股东和财务杠杆的激励功能

以上海证券交易所的747家上市公司2003年的横截面数据为样本,检验了财务杠杆与公司价值之间的经验关系,考察了控股股东性质对财务杠杆价值效应的影响.结果发现,财务杠杆对公司价值(成长性)具有显著的积极效应;另外,控股股东性质对财务杠杆的价值效应和激励功能具有显著的影响,财务杠杆在法人控股的公司中能够发挥更有效的激励作用.     

债务杠杆、所有权特征与中国上市公司投资行为研究

本文以我国2001～2008年上市公司的经验数据为样本,对债务杠杆、所有权特征以及公司投资决策行为之间的相互关系进行了实证研究.结果发现,就上市公司整体而言,债务杠杆表现出对公司治理的正向效用,但这种效用会伴随着所有权结构的趋于集中而发生变化.对国有产权上市公司,债务杠杆总体表现出对过度投资的抑制作用,并且这种效用随着股权集中度的提高呈现出先减弱后增加的趋势,而在所有权集中状态下,没有证据显示债务杠杆会对国有产权上市公司的投资不足产生激励;对非国有产权上市公司,债务杠杆同时表现出对过度投资的抑制作用与对投资不足的激励作用,并且对投资不足的激励会随着股权集中度的提高而逐渐减弱,没有证据表明负债的破产威胁同样会缓解公司的投资不足问题,而相对于国有产权上市公司来说,在非国有产权上市公司中债务杠杆对过度投资的抑制作用更为显著.此外,就债务的期限结构来说,不论是对过度投资的抑制作 用,还是对投资不足的激励作用,相对于长期债务而言,短期债务对投资的影响更为显著.     

银行杠杆的顺周期行为与流动性关系问题研究

银行的高杠杆及其顺周期行为是一个与宏观经济波动以及银行自身多方面相关的重要问题。鉴于此,本文就银行杠杆的顺周期行为及其影响因素进行研究,并通过建立面板联立方程模型研究了与流动性之间相互作用的复杂关系。实证结果表明：我国商业银行杠杆存在顺周期行为,但不同类型银行之间存在差异。国有商业银行的杠杆顺周期行为并不十分明显,而较小规模的商业银行则强于平均水平。银行的贷款占比和存款占比对杠杆顺周期行为的影响存在非对称性,表现为贷款占比的增加放大了杠杆的顺周期行为,存款占比的提升则存在减缓的效果。银行杠杆与流动性之间存在相互作用关系,两者呈反方向变化,即银行杠杆越高,其流动性水平越低。考虑到杠杆本身的顺周期行为,那么银行通过提高杠杆水平扩张资产规模时,同样存在着流动性短缺风险。杠杆率监管要求的提出并不会显著影响银行盈利能力,而流动性要求的提高则会降低银行盈利能力。     

杠杆率重估与债务风险再探讨

现有研究流行以债务率(债务/GDP)指标衡量杠杆率及其债务风险,而关于该指标适用性的探讨却较为不足。理论分析表明,债务率指标忽略了与偿债能力相关的资产情况,存在学理上的缺陷和实践操作上的不足,不是衡量杠杆率的完美指标。本文构建并测算了宏观层面以资产负债率(债务/资产)指标衡量的杠杆率,为健全宏观杠杆率指标体系提供了有力补充。利用资产负债率、债务率与资本产出比之间的转化关系,本文克服了该杠杆率指标的估算难题,并结合国际清算银行和宾州世界表数据,重估了全球42个主要国家1950-2015年的杠杆率。在此基础上,本文初步检验了该指标的风险预测能力,并重新评估了中国的债务风险。中国债务率的上升主要来自于资本产出比而不是资产负债率的上升,债务问题的核心不在于资产负债率,而在于资产质量及其产出效率,这与欧美国家具有本质差异,相应地需要不同的解决思路。     

我国财政与货币政策协调问题研究

针对当前“稳增长”与“稳杠杆”的双重目标，本文构建了一个包含财政、货币政 策四种规则的新凯恩斯主义动态随机一般均衡分析框架，利用我国1995—2016年间的数据进行 估计，然后从平滑机制和联动机制两个层面探讨财政货币政策如何配合问题。研究发现，从平 滑机制看，财政货币政策需要各自加强相机调节力度，从联动机制看，利率需要对税收冲击负 向响应，而政府支出需要对货币供给冲击正向响应。研究表明，与现行政策范式相比，政策搭 配优化后的调控效果较好。