职工基本养老保险待遇如何

我国职工基本养老保险待遇水平为社会各界所关注。养老保险待遇水平可从绝对水平与相对水平来衡量:绝对水平是指职工基本养老保险基金人均支出金额大小;相对水平是指职工基本养老基金人均支出金额的工资替代率大小。养老保险基金人均支出金额越大,工资替代率越高,表明待遇水平越高。养老金绝对水平逐年提高。养老保险待遇的绝对水平用基本养老保险基金人均支出来反映。其公式为,职     

参保选择效应和企业职工基本养老保险基金支出再评估——基于A市2011~2020年职保参保群体生命表的分析北大核心CSSCI

参保者平均预期寿命是影响基本养老保险基金支出的重要因素。以往关于企业职工基本养老保险基金收支的研究都基于城镇居民生命表或国民生命表。事实上,只有部分城镇居民参加了企业职工基本养老保险,而且部分进城务工的农村居民也参加了企业职工基本养老保险。就业参保带来的选择效应可能导致职工基本养老保险参保群体的生命规律不同于全体城镇居民。本文基于A市2011~2020年企业职工基本养老保险的微观参保数据,通过编制职保参保群体生命表,得到A市职保参保群体平均退休余命,并据此对A市职保2021~2050年的基金支出规模进行了重新评估。研究发现,A市职保参保群体60~64岁组平均余命比A市城镇居民长2.16岁,按4%贴现率测算的2021~2050年A市职保基金支出规模现值比按A市城镇居民生命表测算的支出规模现值多37.42亿元,相当于2020年A市职保基金支出、财政总收入和GDP的88.97%、22.15%和3.63%。虽然A市职保参保群体生命表并没有全国代表性,但由此揭示的参保选择效应提醒我们,编制参保群体经验生命表是未来各项基本养老保险基金精算不可忽略的一项基础性工作。     

对养老保险基金节支措施的研究

我国的养老保险基金压力十分巨大，养老基金已陷入困境。要走出困境，除加强基金的收缴，即“开源”外，还应采取降低基本养老金替代率，调整养老金支付年龄等措施，加强养老金支出管理，确定适合我国国情的养老保险水平。     

预期寿命对中国养老保险支出的影响效应——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

利用1995—2014年我国31个省份的省级面板数据实证检验了预期寿命延长对我国养老金支出的影响效应。结果发现：人口平均预期寿命对我国养老金支出水平具有显著的正向影响。实证结果显示：研究样本期间内人口平均预期寿命的增加导致了我国养老金支出水平增加了0.94个百分点,对养老金支出水平增加的贡献度高达76%,成为了我国养老金支出增加的主导因素。随着我国人口预期寿命延长模式逐渐进入到以老年人口死亡率下降为主导,这种人口增龄效应对养老金支出的影响还会进一步增强和深入,在未来养老保险制度改革优化过程中需对预期寿命这一因素加以重点关注。     

农村居民养老保险财政补贴与农民家庭消费异质性——基于CHARLS数据的研究

基于2011年和2013年两期CHARLS数据构建面板数据模型，分析农村居民养老保险制度中央财政“一刀切”的基础养老金补贴政策与地方财政差异化的缴费补贴政策对农民家庭消费的异质性影响。结果显示：财政补贴有利于整体促进参保农民家庭消费支出，尤其对已领取养老金的家庭，消费增进效应更明显；对于未领取养老金的参保农民家庭，却具有抑制效应。从不同收入阶层和不同地区来看，农村居民养老保险财政补贴对低、中、高收入阶层农民家庭消费的影响依次减弱，对东部、西部、中部地区农民家庭消费的影响依次增强。因此，加大财政补贴力度、优化补贴方式、扩展筹资渠道、强化制度联动能更好地发挥财政补贴改善社会福利的作用。     

职工基本养老保险运行统计分析应细化

职工基本养老保险（简称职保）基金的收、支、余是贯穿职保运行全过程的三个重点环节,且备节点既有其特性又相互关联。“以支定收、现收现付、部分结余”是职保运行的基本原则和全部内容形式。基金征收决定基金支出和结余,基金结余又支撑基金征收和支出。征缴基金是以按时足额发放养老金为目标,基金结余又是确保养老金按时足额发放的储备。笔者通过三个节点中影响制度运行的因素（缴费、享受待遇人员、基金）进行分析,认为职保运行统计分析应细化。     

中央调剂金比例对养老保险基金地区差距的影响

本文根据现行企业职工基本养老保险基金中央调剂制度的相关规定,利用2017年不同省份的历史数据,通过定量测算考察了不同中央调剂金比例对缩小养老保险基金地区差距的影响,并分别从“补缺口角度”和“公平角度”提出最优中央调剂金比例的设定原则。测算结果显示:中央调剂制度可以在短期内缩小不同省份之间的养老保险基金差距,缓解部分省份的养老金支出压力,但是随着中央调剂金比例的逐步上调,可能会出现新的不公平现象。本文建议中央调剂金比例控制在5%左右。     

基于微观模拟的城镇职工基本养老保险全国统筹再分配效应研究北大核心CSSCI

2022年基本养老保险基金实行全国统筹,由中央调剂省际余缺承担养老金给付责任,不同地区参保者将在同一资金池缴纳保费和领取养老金。由于我国省区间的工资收入和养老保险制度内抚养负担差距较大,一般认为发达省份将为全国统筹做出额外的经济贡献。然而若从参保队列终身收支的视角看,发达地区的人均寿命更长,养老金终生领取时期更长,养老金福利更高。那么,在综合考虑收入差距、寿命差距、性别差距等因素后,全国统筹的收入再分配效应如何?本文从参保人终身收支的视角,基于中国家庭收入调查项目(CHIP)2018年的数据,采用微观模拟法,对不同类型人群的终身收入和预期寿命进行模拟,使用加权洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数评估基本养老保险的再分配方向和水平。研究发现:工资差异在再分配中的效应较低,总体再分配方向为男性向女性转移,短寿群体向长寿群体转移;养老保险基金的全国统筹加大了再分配力度,终身视角下预期寿命更长的省份仍是制度的受益者。     

城镇职工“新人”养老金缺口探讨

通过对中国养老金制度转轨20年来养老金缺口、转轨成本与隐性负债三种术语的界定和辨析,分析了导致养老保险缺口的相关因素与导致计算偏差的原因,认为既有文献忽视了死亡率改善与制度设计因素诱发的选择行为,因而测算结果偏低。基于当前养老金待遇计发办法,在考虑死亡率改善要素的基础上,测算了2015—2050年新参保者的养老金收支情况。文章发现,死亡率改善要素使得人口老龄化带来的财务可持续压力远超预期;制度设计缺乏激励效应,更易导致参保者的逆向选择。上述两个原因会导致未来养老金缺口迅速扩大,建议将男性、女性退休年龄统一为60岁,并建立主权养老基金来应对未来支付高峰。     

北京市城镇养老金收支测算及平衡分析

养老保险是国家为保障退休人员基本生活而建立的一种社会保险制度,居于社会保障的核心地位,但由于"老人"和"中人"累计债务的存在以及近年来老年人口的迅速增加等原因,现行养老保险制度的收支矛盾凸显。本文主要利用时间序列、寿险精算等方法测算2014-2020年北京市城镇养老金的收支状况,以期为政府养老金政策的制定和调整提供依据。测算结果显示,虽然在2020年以前养老金的年度收入一直大于年度支出,但是由于养老金收入和支出的不均衡增长,在2030年左右可能出现收不抵支的情况,需要动用累计结余基金弥补支出缺口。随着老龄人口的持续快速增加,长期来看则有发生养老金支付危机的可能。为防止支付危机的发生,政府可以对退休年龄、迁移率、缴费率、替代率等因素进行调整,但解决养老金支付危机的最根本方法还是采取有效措施彻底解决目前"老人"和"中人"的累计债务问题。     

Effort-satisfaction analysis

This method has been developed to enable the analysis of qualitative problems forming a system, in which their states are expressed in terms of satisfaction indices. It is a means of reorganising data obtained from human judgement on partial relations between specific problems, so that a judgement of the system as a whole may be derived. The E-S analysis indicates the changes in the satisfaction indices when additional efforts are made. It also shows the way in which efforts should be distributed to reach an optimum level of the satisfaction indices. The usefulness of this method is shown by an example of planning a research project.     

Real-time market microstructure analysis: online transaction cost analysis

Motivated by the practical challenge in monitoring the performance of a large number of algorithmic trading orders, this paper provides a methodology that leads to automatic discovery of causes that lie behind poor trading performance. It also gives theoretical foundations to a generic framework for real-time trading analysis. The common acronym for investigating the causes of bad and good performance of trading is transaction cost analysis Rosenthal [Performance Metrics for Algorithmic Traders, 2009]). Automated algorithms take care of most of the traded flows on electronic markets (more than 70% in the US, 45% in Europe and 35% in Japan in 2012). Academic literature provides different ways to formalize these algorithms and show how optimal they can be from a mean-variance (like in Almgren and Chriss [J. Risk, 2000, 3(2), 5–39]), a stochastic control (e.g. Guéant et al. [Math. Financ. Econ., 2013, 7(4), 477–507]), an impulse control (see Bouchard et al. [SIAM J. Financ. Math., 2011, 2(1), 404–438]) or a statistical learning (as used in Laruelle et al. [Math. Financ. Econ., 2013, 7(3), 359–403]) viewpoint. This paper is agnostic about the way the algorithm has been built and provides a theoretical formalism to identify in real-time the market conditions that influenced its efficiency or inefficiency. For a given set of characteristics describing the market context, selected by a practitioner, we first show how a set of additional derived explanatory factors, called anomaly detectors, can be created for each market order (following for instance Cristianini and Shawe-Taylor [An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-based Learning Methods, 2000]). We then will present an online methodology to quantify how this extended set of factors, at any given time, predicts (i.e. have influence, in the sense of predictive power or information defined in Basseville and Nikiforov [Detection of Abrupt Changes: Theory and Application, 1993], Shannon [Bell Syst. Tech. J., 1948, 27, 379–423] and Alkoot and Kittler [Pattern Recogn. Lett., 1999, 20(11), 1361–1369]) which of the orders are underperforming while calculating the predictive power of this explanatory factor set. Armed with this information, which we call influence analysis, we intend to empower the order monitoring user to take appropriate action on any affected orders by re-calibrating the trading algorithms working the order through new parameters, pausing their execution or taking over more direct trading control. Also we intend that use of this method can be taken advantage of to automatically adjust their trading action in the post trade analysis of algorithms.     

On technical analysis

Technical analysis, or the use of past prices to infer privateinformation, has value in a model in which prices are not fullyrevealing and traders have rational conjectures about the relationbetween prices and signals. A two-period dynamic model of equilibriumis used to demonstrate that rational investors use historicalprices in forming their demands and to illustrate the sensitivityof the value of technical analysis to changes in the valuesof the exogenous parameters.     

解读吉利财务实践

无论是“资本链、融资线、现金池”还是三链协同,吉利的财务创新理论如何才能真正落地？本期客座总编辑吉利控股集团副总裁、财务总监尹大庆和对外经贸大学国际商学院的执行院长汤谷良教授如是点评。     

中国信保发布2016年《国家风险分析报告》和《全球投资风险分析报告》

《国家风险分析报告》——国家风险参考评级15国调升、13国调降;主权信用风险显著国家28个 2016年《国家风险分析报告》根据中国信保自主研发的评级体系,发布了全球192个主权国家的国家风险参考评级、主权信用风险评级以及相关评级报告,其中主权信用风险评级为中国信保首次对外发布.     

On quantitative statistical analysis

Abstract

The point of the present paper is an elementary distinction, i. e. between definite and modifiable statistical units. This classification will prove to throw light on the paradoxon that correlation analysis, while of fundamental importance in many sciences, in others is severely criticized and disclaimed of quantitative significance. In fact, only when referring to a definite unit a correlation index is unconditionally quantitative. A. moment's consideration will reveal that a correlation index referring to a modifiable unit is not directly commensurable to the corresponding index of another unit. For quantitative analysis of modifiable units detailed hypotheses regarding the effect of the unit size are necessary. Some methods for such analysis are indicated and examplified below. We reserve, however, for an ulterior paper the explicit formulæ and a more exhaustive investigation of modifiable units.     

Reassessment of cross-impact analysis

Five problems in cross-impact methodology are discussed, solutions are proposed, and a simple illustrative case is provided. The problems are lack of commutativity, probabilistic imbalances, double counting of impacts, linearity, and two-dimensionality.     

Translational benchmark risk analysis

Translational development – in the sense of translating a mature methodology from one area of application to another, evolving area – is discussed for the use of benchmark doses in quantitative risk assessment. Illustrations are presented with traditional applications of the benchmark paradigm in biology and toxicology, and also with risk endpoints that differ from traditional toxicological archetypes. It is seen that the benchmark approach can apply to a diverse spectrum of risk management settings. This suggests a promising future for this important risk‐analytic tool. Extensions of the method to a wider variety of applications represent a significant opportunity for enhancing environmental, biomedical, industrial, and socio‐economic risk assessments.