中国股权溢价之谜的检验--Hansen-Jagannathan方法的应用

通过对中国证券市场的实证研究,估计的中国投资者的相对风险回避系数远远大于10,即远大于Mehra和Prescott(1985)所认可的最高水平,证实了中国股市存在股权溢价之谜,并指出了解释中国股权溢价之谜的潜在研究路径.     

中国股市股权溢价的实证研究

在经济理论中,股权溢价是有一定的合理范围的,当实际溢价超过理论最大值时,就会产生无法解释的谜.本文运用中国股市的实际收益率数据,使用广义矩法(GMM),来估计相对风险厌恶系数和时间偏好系数,看是否在理论允许的合理范围之内.并利用中国股市1991-2007年的完整样本与样本分割相结合,对比不同时间段的股权溢价状况和估计的参数进行实证研究.结果表明,中国的股权溢价仍然在合理范围之内,但是各样本期变动很大.     

消费资产定价模型对我国股票市场股权溢价的实证研究

本文采用递归形式的消费资产定价模型,使用广义矩估计(GMM)方法对我国股票市场1991-2011年间股市收益率完整样本期进行了实证研究,检验我国股票市场股权溢价现状,结果显示我国不存在“股权溢价之谜”的现象,且基于递归效用形式的消费资产定价模型参数估计结果更具合理的意义解释.     

对基于价值无差异的资产定价模型的实证检验——兼解释股权高溢价之谜

陈小悦和孙力强（2007）在价值无差异的基础上建立了一套全新的定价模型,本文采用股票市场的数据对该模型进行了实证检验,模型检验的同时也是对股权溢价之谜进行解释。研究结果表明,本文的定价模型在美国、中国内地和中国香港三个市场的检验都取得了良好的效果,即市场风险溢价均值都向模型的理论值收敛,实际风险溢价与理论值差异很小且不显著,采用该模型可以准确地描述股票市场组合收益率与风险的关系,并对股权溢价之谜做出合理的解释。     

消费资产定价模型对我国股票市场股权溢价的实证研究

本文采用递归形式的消费资产定价模型,使用广义矩估计(GMM)方法对我国股票市场1991-2011年间股市收益率完整样本期进行了实证研究,检验我国股票市场股权溢价现状,结果显示我国不存在"股权溢价之谜"的现象,且基于递归效用形式的消费资产定价模型参数估计结果更具合理的意义解释。     

风险观念、并购溢价与并购完成率

本文考察国家层面的风险观念对并购定价及并购完成率的影响。以主并方为中国企业的并购交易为样本,用权力距离、不确定性规避和集体主义三个维度来衡量国家层面的风险规避程度。研究结果表明,被并方所在国的权力距离、不确定性规避程度、集体主义倾向及总体风险规避程度都与并购溢价显著负相关,与并购完成率显著正相关;中介效应分析表明,被并方所在国的权力距离、不确定性规避程度、集体主义倾向及总体风险规避程度除了直接影响并购完成率外,还通过并购溢价这一中介间接影响并购完成率。本文的研究丰富了并购定价及并购完成率文献,研究结论对中国企业的并购决策具有重要的启示价值。     

折现率中股权风险溢价的确定

折现率中的股权风险溢价一般采用资本资产定价模型来确定,但由于资本资产定价模型建立在投资者理性、股票市场有效等前提基础之上,而中国股票市场的有效性比较欠缺,在评估实践中运用资本定价模型确定股权风险溢价存在较多的问题。本文从实体经济领域着手,通过投入产出分析、经营杠杆及财务杠杆分析,计算出行业相对于整体经济的风险系数、目标企业相对于行业的风险系数,进而得到行业股权风险溢价和目标企业的股权风险溢价。     

巨灾风险债券溢价之谜的行为金融学解释

作为一种新型金融工具,巨灾风险债券自发行以来所附带的风险收益就远高于同等级传统债券的收益.尽管均值方差分析方法已证明"溢价之谜"确实存在,但从传统理论角度出发的研究并不能充分解释巨灾风险债券高溢价的成因.本文尝试用行为金融理论分析以获得较合理的解释补充.通过探讨投资者的心理、行为因素在巨灾风险债券溢价之谜中所起的重要作用,得出结论:风险厌恶、固定教育成本、模糊厌恶和羊群效应等行为导致了溢价之谜的出现.这些影响因素的发现不仅是对国际巨灾风险债券市场中的高溢价现象进行解释的重要依据,同时也为我国科学发行巨灾风险债券提供了思路.     

投资者风险态度与我国股票市场发展的联动效应

投资者的风险态度在一定程度上可以反映一个市场的成熟程度。对投资者在不同时期的风险态度与我国股票市场发展的联动效应的分析结果表明：1991～1996年期间,“利好消息”的冲击效应要大于“利空消息”;1997年1月～2005年6月,“利空消息”的冲击作用大于“利好消息”;2005年6月以来,“利好消息”的冲击效应大于“利空消息”。总的看来,1997年以来,我国股市投资者的风险态度还是以风险厌恶或风险中性为主,表明我国股市正趋于成熟。     

中美股市波动特征比较研究:基于ARCH类模型的实证分析

本文利用ARCH类模型对沪深300指数和道琼斯工业指数2005年4月8日到2010年3月22日的指数数据进行实证检验,研究表明:第一,中美股票市场都存在明显的集聚效应;第二,中美股票市场都存在明显的风险溢价效应,美国股市的风险补偿高于中国股市;第三,美国股票市场有明显的杠杆效应,然而中国股市杠杆效应不如美国明显;第四,美国股票市场对中国股票市场存在较为显著的单向溢出效应。     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

旅游企业与社区居民利益冲突及协调博弈研究

随着旅游业发展的深入,旅游企业与社区居民的利益冲突及协调问题成为影响旅游业发展的重点问题。从旅游企业和社区居民的单次博弈入手建立模型,并通过重复博弈模型分析,探索实现利益协调的路径。提出完善社区居民旅游开发参与机制和构建收益均衡分配机制,解决旅游企业与社区居民的利益协调问题。     

Stock and Bond Liquidity and its Effect on Prices and Financial Policies

An asset is liquid if it can be traded at the prevailing market price quickly and at low cost. We show that in addition to risk, liquidity affects asset prices and returns. Theories of asset pricing suggest that the expected return of an asset is increasing in its risk, because risk-averse investors require compensation for bearing more risk. Because investors are also averse to the costs of illiquidity and want to be compensated for bearing them, asset returns are increasing in illiquidity. Thus, asset prices should depend on two asset characteristics: risk and liquidity. This paper surveys research on the effects of liquidity on asset prices and returns, showing that liquidity is an important factor in capital asset pricing.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

Noise trading and prime and score premiums

This paper documents that a common element drives the time-series variation of the premium pricing of Primes and Scores. I argue that this common element is noise trading. The noise trading model of Delong, Shleifer, Summers and Waldmann (1990) predicts that returns on assets that are predominantly traded by noise traders will be correlated, since the misperceptions of noise traders are cross-sectionally correlated. Consistent with the noise trading hypothesis, changes in the average premium of Primes and Scores, which are predominantly traded by individual investors, are correlated with both changes in average discounts of closed-end funds and small firms returns. These empirical facts provide additional evidence that noise traders can affect security prices.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

垄断与通货膨胀:理论与证据

本文从微观层面构建多维状态非线性系统理论模型,应用非线性模型预测控制方法研究了垄断与通货膨胀之间的关系。理论分析表明,垄断与通胀存在明显的正向关系。本文进一步应用变系数半参数估计方法为上述理论预期提供了经验支持,并发现我国在生产效率较低的行业中,垄断会导致显著的通胀效应,但这种效应在生产效率较高的行业中则明显减弱。上述结论对我国当前“下限保增长、上限防通胀”的宏观调控目标具有重要的启示意义。     

LIBOR and swap market models and measures

A self-contained theory is presented for pricing and hedging LIBOR and swap derivatives by arbitrage. Appropriate payoff homogeneity and measurability conditions are identified which guarantee that a given payoff can be attained by a self-financing trading strategy. LIBOR and swap derivatives satisfy this condition, implying they can be priced and hedged with a finite number of zero-coupon bonds, even when there is no instantaneous saving bond. Notion of locally arbitrage-free price system is introduced and equivalent criteria established. Stochastic differential equations are derived for term structures of forward libor and swap rates, and shown to have a unique positive solution when the percentage volatility function is bounded, implying existence of an arbitrage-free model with such volatility specification. The construction is explicit for the lognormal LIBOR and swap “market models”, the former following Musiela and Rutkowski (1995). Primary examples of LIBOR and swap derivatives are discussed and appropriate practical models suggested for each.     

Amplification and asymmetry in crashes and frenzies

We often observe disproportionate reactions to tangible information in large stock price movements. Moreover these movements feature an asymmetry: the number of crashes is more than that of frenzies in the S&P 500 index. This paper offers an explanation for these two characteristics of large movements in which hedging (portfolio insurance) causes amplified price reactions to news and liquidity shocks as well as an asymmetry biased towards crashes. Risk aversion of traders is shown to be essential for the asymmetry of price movements. Also, we show that differential information can enhance both amplification and asymmetry delivered by hedging. This paper is based on part of my Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Minnesota. I am grateful to Andy McLennan and Jan Werner for their valuable advice and unwavering support. Also, I would like thank Mehmet Barlo, Michele Boldrin, Partha Chatterjee, Mehmet Ozhabes, Dimitrios Tsomocos and seminar participants at the University of Minnesota, the MEA and the MFA Meetings in St Louis for helpful comments. Comments on a previous draft by an anonymous referee greatly improved the presentation of this paper. Financial support from William W. Stout Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged.