异质性债务杠杆率对农户财务脆弱性的影响研究

本文基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）中的农户样本,运用Probit模型实证分析了债务杠杆率对农户财务脆弱性的影响,并比较了异质性债务杠杆率的影响差异,研究发现：（1）债务杠杆率对农户财务脆弱性具有显著的正向影响。分债务杠杆率类型来看,非正规债务杠杆率和住房债务杠杆率加剧财务脆弱的效应大于正规债务杠杆率和非住房债务杠杆率。（2）收入对农户财务脆弱程度有明显的弱化影响,住房债务和非住房债务杠杆率升高加剧财务脆弱的影响效应在低收入农户中更强烈。（3）住房债务率对财务脆弱性的影响在不同地区间无显著差异,而非住房债务率对财务脆弱性的影响在东部地区更强烈。因此,应通过政策宣传引导农户优化债务结构,合理负债,警惕非正规债务杠杆率和住房债务杠杆率高企引起的财务风险。     

制造业企业房地产投资与企业杠杆率

摘 要：21世纪以来,中国制造业企业进行房地产投资是其“多元化”投资战略的主 要形式之一。本文利用2010-2020年中国 A 股上市制造业企业数据,研究了制造业企业 房地产投资对企业杠杆率的影响,发现制造业企业房地产投资能够提升企业杠杆率。机 制分析表明,制造业企业房地产投资通过发挥挤压效应和抵押效应进而提高企业杠杆率。 制造业企业房地产投资对企业杠杆率的提升作用在非国有企业和小企业中更显著。在区 分长期杠杆率和短期杠杆率后,制造业企业房地产投资对企业杠杆率的提升作用表现在 长期杠杆率方面,同时该提升作用显著提高了企业的财务风险。本文提出企业应当加大 研发创新,促进自身高质量发展;政府监管部门完善系列政策避免制造业企业盲目进行房地产投资而导致“企业空心化”。     

中央建筑企业高杠杆的成因和去杠杆方式的探究

近年来,我国企业杠杆率高企,债务规模增长过快,企业债务负担不断加重,导致债务风险上升,国有企业杠杆率问题更为严重,其中中央建筑企业杠杆率问题尤为突出,成为降杠杆减负债的重中之重。本文详细分析了中央建筑企业高杠杆问题的现状,细致剖析了高杠杆的原因,并对中央建筑企业去杠杆减负债提出若干建议。     

预期收益、住房购买与房产负债决策——基于中国城市家庭的微观证据

本文运用中国家庭金融调查和城市房价数据,就预期收益对家庭房产负债决策的影响进行理论分析和实证检验.研究发现:(1)预期收益的增加不仅能显著提高家庭使用杠杆购房的概率,而且能显著提升家庭房贷杠杆率水平;(2)从自住房和投资房的角度来看,预期收益对投资房杠杆的使用和杠杆率水平影响更为显著;(3)异质性分析的结果显示预期收益增加主要刺激了来自银行渠道的住房贷款,并且对中等收入家庭、东部地区家庭的房贷杠杆率更为显著,而有适婚男性的家庭似乎减少了对预期收益的敏感度.     

经济周期、金融周期动态演变下企业杠杆率探析 ——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

：将经济周期和金融周期的变化同时纳入杠杆率模型,分别建立中国上市公司的衰退模型和扩张模型,结合企业融资约束,研究经济周期、金融周期的周期异步性对企业杠杆率的直接效应和间接效应。研究发现：周期异步性对企业杠杆率的直接效应呈逆周期性特征,间接效应呈顺周期性;衰退期时,再融资企业杠杆率对周期性变动比融资受限企业更为敏感。研究对于监管当局综合经济周期、金融周期,制定、调整、完善企业债务融资政策,帮助企业深入理解债务融资环境,提升债务融资能力具有参考和借鉴意义。     

数字金融对居民的债务扩张效应北大核心

数字金融在缓解流动性约束、提升居民融资便利的同时,也可能助推居民杠杆率短期内快速攀升。本文利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS) 2014年、2016年和2018年三年面板数据,对数字金融的债务扩张效应进行实证分析。研究发现:数字金融的发展显著推高居民资产负债率,数字金融存在债务扩张效应且具有典型的“长尾”特征;数字金融主要通过支付机制、融资机制和投资机制三种渠道实现债务扩张;数字金融与资产负债率的关系受到传统金融发展的影响,传统金融发展水平越低,数字金融的杠杆提升效应越强。综上,本文认为,满足普惠的需求不一定就是合理的,“数字普惠金融”并不等同于“数字金融”+“普惠群体”。为降低居民负债尤其是“长尾”群体的负债风险,数字金融服务的供给方应精准分析客户需求的合理性,而需求方应加强风险意识,量入为出、合理负债,政府也应加强引导。     

我国居民杠杆率对商业银行信贷风险的影响及传导路径

2008年以来我国居民杠杆率持续增长,目前已接近发达国家水平,由此所产生的风险效应已较为突出。本文基于我国30个省份（西藏及港澳台除外）2005～2021年的面板数据,通过固定效应模型实证检验了居民杠杆率对商业银行信贷风险的影响,并通过中介效应模型进一步验证了其风险传导路径。研究发现,居民杠杆率与商业银行信贷风险呈“U”型关系,拐点为53%;房地产和企业债务是主要传导渠道。最后,提出健全居民部门杠杆率监管制度、优化调整居民杠杆结构等对策建议。     

工业企业落实“去杠杆”任务的宁夏案例

2017年中央经济工作会议强调,要在控制总杠杆率的前提下,把降低企业杠杆率作为重中之重。西部省区普遍以工业为主且经济倚能倚重特征明显,同时银行信贷是经济发展的主要资金来源。在地区经济快速发展过程中,工业企业银行贷款负债较快增长,杠杆率不断攀升,因此降低工业企业的杠杆率是西部省区落实降低企业杠杆率的关键。本文以宁夏为例,定量测度了典型西部省区的总体债务状况,重点聚集工业企业杠杆率存在的四个突出问题,据此提出西部省区落实“去杠杆”任务的总体思路和具体路径。     

为什么国有企业是我国经济去杠杆的重中之重

本文从三个方面论述我国经济去杠杆的核心是国有企业。首先,杠杆率结构的国际比较表明,非金融企业是实体部门杠杆率快速上升的主因,而国有企业杠杆率过高则是非金融企业债务问题的关键;其次,国有企业高杠杆本质上是资产周转率大幅下降的体现;再次,实证结果显示,国有企业杠杆率高企已对投资产生"抑制效应",而非国有经济仍有较大的投资增长潜能。因此,国有企业是去杠杆改革的主要着力点。最后,本文系统性地提出降低国有企业杠杆率的政策措施。     

企业负债经营的资本结构分析与决策

企业负债经营的资本结构分析与决策王守祯张丽琴企业的资本结构是指企业自有资本与外借资本之间的比重关系。在资本结构决策中，合理利用债务筹资，安排最佳的债务资本比率，可使企业加权平均资本成本最低，同时使企业价值最大。一、资本结构分析的数学模型假设ｙ表示投资...     

我们为什么需要绿色金融?——从全球经验事实到基于经济增长框架的理论解释

当前,绿色金融备受关注,然而该领域的基础理论尚需进一步强化。根据经济学的一般原理,由于污染的外部性问题,环保的主要力量应当是公共部门而非金融系统。然而为何越来越多国家选择发展绿色金融?其背后的经济学原理是什么?深入探讨这些问题是有效制定政策、构建绿色金融理论体系的基础。本文基于跨国面板数据的分析表明,绿色金融对经济增长具有显著的促进效应,表现出与公共部门环保投入的显著差异。在此基础上,本文构建基于经济增长框架的绿色金融理论模型,对经验事实给出理论解释。模型证明:绿色金融的成本分摊与风险分担功能使其具有独特的长期增长效应,是经济发展必然选择;绿色金融政策与绿色财政政策的协调配合是实现高质量发展的有效手段。本文从理论层面回答了“为什么需要绿色金融”这一问题,为绿色金融的经济学理论发展和政策分析提供了可借鉴的框架。     

中国企业杠杆:一个周期性问题?

一直以来,企业部门杠杆率在中国宏观杠杆率中占有重要的地位。通过构建企业杠杆率的动态局部调整模型,本文区分了经济周期对企业杠杆率的直接和间接影响,并利用中国工业企业数据库对二者进行测算。结果显示,用观察经济周期哑变量估计系数的方式来判断经济周期对企业杠杆率的影响,会显著高估企业杠杆率顺周期调整的程度,因为这只捕捉了周期的直接影响。在同时考虑了经济周期对杠杆率的间接影响后,我们发现:第一,中国企业杠杆率总体仍具有顺周期性。这表明货币政策在维护物价水平、熨平经济周期波动时,能够对企业杠杆率稳定产生一定的正向溢出效应。因此,双支柱调控框架具有内在一致性,可以形成政策合力。第二,中国企业杠杆率变动的顺周期性较弱,尤其是国有企业。因此,想要在保持物价和经济增长稳定的同时实现稳杠杆,货币政策和宏观审慎政策需相互协调配合。本文的研究为思考双支柱调控框架的分工与协调提供了有益的微观基础。     

经营负债杠杆与金融负债杠杆效应的差异性检验

本文将企业的负债划分为经营负债与金融负债,以2001—2005年期间沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,比较检验了经营负债杠杆与金融负债杠杆对公司创值能力和成长性影响的差异性。结果发现:①经营负债杠杆比金融负债杠杆对公司的创值能力和成长性产生更大更显著的积极效应,即拥有更多的经营负债更能提升公司的创值能力和成长性;②两种负债的杠杆效应均存在"规模效应",即公司的规模越小,杠杆效应越强;③金融负债杠杆与经营负债杠杆具有显著的互补性,即随着金融负债杠杆比率的增加,经营负债杠杆效应会显著增强;反之亦然。显然,本文的研究结论对企业制定其负债安排策略具有一定的启示意义。     

杠杆率变动、固定资产投资与研发活动——兼论金融赋能高质量发展

本文通过构建一个包含企业固定资产投资与研发投资的理论模型,分析得出企业杠杆率变动与投资行为的非线性关系。实证结果表明,低杠杆下,杠杆率的增大会使企业增加固定资产和研发投资的规模。对于财务柔性更强、发展前景更好的企业,杠杆率的提升能够增大此类企业的研发投入占比,即企业开展更多能够提升技术水平的研发活动。进一步研究发现,短期杠杆与商业信用杠杆的提升有助于财务柔性较好的企业提高研发投资占比,而对于发展前景不佳的僵尸企业,长期杠杆和银行杠杆的提升反而会使其扩大固定资产投资,加剧产能过剩问题。本文的政策含义在于,要在保持宏观杠杆率基本稳定的前提下,引导金融资源更多投入到创新型经济上,给予优质及前景较好的企业一定杠杆率调整空间和自由度,使其能够更好地利用社会资金,激励其开展研发活动,促进金融更好地服务实体经济,赋能高质量发展。     

EXCHANGEABLE DEBT CALLS AND SECURITY RETURNS

Exchangeable calls are not convertible into the calling firm's common stock but into the common stock of a target firm in which the calling firm has an ownership position. In addition to reducing leverage, exchangeables change the asset composition of the calling firm through the divestiture of the calling firm's ownership stake in the target firm. In contrast to the evidence on convertible calls, our findings indicate that announcements of exchangeable debt calls are not associated with an abnormal capital loss for the calling firm shareholders. For target firms, announcements of exchangeable calls reduce shareholder wealth. A lower probability of takeover resulting from diffusion of ownership concentration of the target firm's common stock may contribute to this result.     

On the relation between ownership structure and capital structure

The agency relationship between managers and shareholders has the potential to influence decision-making in the firm which in turn potentially impacts on firm characteristics such as value and leverage. Prior evidence has demonstrated an association between ownership structure and firm value. This paper extends the literature by examining a further link between ownership structure and capital structure. Using an agency framework, it is argued that the distribution of equity ownership among corporate managers and external blockholders may have a significant relation with leverage. The empirical results provide support for a positive relation between external blockholders and leverage, and non-linear relation between the level of managerial share ownership and leverage. The results also suggest that the relation between external block ownership and leverage varies across the level of managerial share ownership. These results are consistent with active monitoring by blockholders, and the effects of convergence-of-interests and management entrenchment.     

Leverage, options liabilities, and corporate bond pricing

The two major problems with typical structural models are the failure to attain a positive credit spread in the very short term, and overestimation of the overall level of the credit spread. We recognize the presence of option liabilities in a firm’s capital structure and the effect they have on the firm’s credit spread. Including option liabilities and employing a regime switching interest rate process to capture the business cycle resolves the above-mentioned drawbacks in explaining credit spreads. We find that the credit spread overestimation problem in one of the structural models, Collin-Dufresne and Goldstein (J Finan 56:1929–1957, 2001), can be resolved by combining option liabilities and the regime-switching interest rate process when dealing with an investment grade bond, whereas with junk bonds, only the regime-switching interest rate process is needed. We also examine vulnerable option values, debt values, and zero-coupon bond values with different model settings and leverage ratios.      

Operational Improvement: The Key to Value Creation in Private Equity

With credit tightening having reduced the availability of leverage and intensified the competition for new deals, the economic recession has caused many companies in private equity firm portfolios to under-perform. These changes are forcing the private equity firms to depend even more on their ability to improve operating performance to achieve their investment goals and generate attractive returns. But few PE firms have proved capable of achieving such improvements in portfolio companies consistently over time.
In this paper, the authors discuss several ways that private equity firms use their operating expertise to drive value in their portfolio companies. They also examine the analytical framework used by some PE firms when assessing and prioritizing the many operational initiatives that could be undertaken within a newly acquired company. Part of that examination involves a detailed look at how private equity firms assemble an attractive mix of operational improvement projects in their initial 100-day plans. Finally, the authors explore one of the challenges faced by private equity firms when attempting to implement operational enhancements in newly acquired companies: bringing about change without alienating company management.
The real-world application of this approach is demonstrated with a case study that shows how one private equity buyer put its operational skills into practice to help create value within a mid-sized portfolio company.     

Macroeconomic Conditions and the Puzzles of Credit Spreads and Capital Structure

I build a dynamic capital structure model that demonstrates how business cycle variation in expected growth rates, economic uncertainty, and risk premia influences firms' financing policies. Countercyclical fluctuations in risk prices, default probabilities, and default losses arise endogenously through firms' responses to macroeconomic conditions. These comovements generate large credit risk premia for investment grade firms, which helps address the credit spread puzzle and the under‐leverage puzzle in a unified framework. The model generates interesting dynamics for financing and defaults, including market timing in debt issuance and credit contagion. It also provides a novel procedure to estimate state‐dependent default losses.     

Macroeconomic conditions and a firm’s investment decisions

We propose a model of a firm’s reversible investment decision with macroeconomic conditions based on optimal switching of a diffusion regime. The switching costs and the cash flow generated from the firm depend on a business cycle alternating via a Markov chain, and the triggers of investment and disinvestment in each state are determined endogenously. Provided the investment costs are cyclical due to high wages and rents in a boom, the investment tends to be delayed in boom, while the disinvestment is likely to be made earlier in terms of the level of switching triggers. This result shows us that the ‘hysteresis’ of investment is a rigorous phenomenon that does not change dramatically depending on business cycle. Yet, the business cycle may still amplify and propagate the exogenous shocks from macroeconomic conditions as far as the persistence of business cycle is concerned. In particular, the investment is deferred and the disinvestment occurs earlier when recession lasts longer and boom ends soon.