论电力产业自然垄断的不完全与有效竞争的实现

传统的经济学理论认为，电力是公共产品，电力产业是具有自然垄断性经济特征的公共产业和网络性产业，应该高度管制和实行垄断经营。中国受计划经济体制的长期影响，一直实行高度垄断的管制政策。本文分析了电力产业自然垄断的不完全和多业领域的范围经济性，认为电力产业管制体制改革的目标虽通过市场化改革、适度管制和发挥自由竞争的作用，维持动态的“有效竞争”状态。并且提出了实现有效竞争的若干思路和改革建议。     

论我国银行业产业组织结构再造

产业组织理论中，对垄断结构存在合理性的分析完全不适用于中国银行业，即出现了理论与实际的相悖，产业组织理论在一定程度上无法解释中国银行业的现实。分析可见，这一问题的症结在于中国银行业垄断形成的机制所致。由历史因素和行政手段所形成的垄断结构不具有市场机制所形成的垄断结构的一些优势并且弊病丛生，为此需要再造中国银行业产业组织结构，形成适当的垄断竞争格局。     

新技术条件下政府对自然垄断型公用事业的管制政策研究

本文讨论了技术与自然垄断市场结构和政府管制政策的关系以及新技术条件下政府对自然垄断型公用事业管制政策调整中的管制滞后现象，认为新技术条件下政府对自然垄断型公用事业的管制政策，应是基于产业拆分基础上的放松管制和激励性管制。本文最后讨论了政府对自然垄断型公用事业拆分和放松管制的4个阶段。     

自然垄断产业管制演变:从引入竞争到控制风险

自然垄断产业先后经历了强化管制、引入竞争两个阶段,目前正在呈现以控制风险为主要特征的风险管制阶段。自然垄断产业风险管制是平衡各种风险并在效率增进的前提下将之控制在可接受程度的、一种新的以竞争为导向的具有自然垄断产业特点的系统性管制。     

自然垄断产业激励性管制的新制度经济学分析

正激励性管制是目前发达国家自然垄断产业主流的政府管制方式,在现实应用中成效明显。新制度经济学的交易费用、制度结构、路径依赖等理论,有助于人们对激励性管制有效性的全面理解。自然垄断产业激励性管制之所以有效,是因为它能够降低投资回报率管制下有限理性、机会主义倾向等因素带来的交易费用。为降低自然垄断产业管制的交易费用,我国应该加强激励性管制的应用,构建与激励性管制相适应的制度结构,并重视其应用的渐进性。     

大部门体制下自然垄断产业管制机构改革的深化

在大部门体制改革中,我国自然垄断产业管制机构改革得到了推动,为理顺自然垄断产业的政府管制奠定了基础。但为适应市场经济体制的发展,更好地满足公众对自然垄断产品或服务的需求,自然垄断产业的管制机构改革还需要深化,下一步改革的重点应是:继续推进管制机构的独立性,明确管制机构的职能设置及强化法律基础,健全管制的公众参与及问责机制。     

自然垄断产业风险与风险管制

自然垄断产业是影响经济发展的重要基础性产业。早期基于自然垄断性和安全性之考虑，各国政府对自然垄断产业一向采取严格的管制措施。然而，自1970年代起，沿着自由化与国际化的发展方向，自然垄断产业广泛放松管制、引入竞争，促使了自然垄断产业内部环境较以往大幅变动，外部环境的不确定性也愈来愈高，加剧了自然垄断产业的运行风险。     

产业政策视角下的国有企业分类改革与政策调整*

本文从产业发展政策和自然垄断领域的规制政策两个角度,分析了国有企业在产业政策实施中的积极意义,探讨了目前产业政策所存在的问题,并提出了相应的政策建议。研究表明,国有企业在保证产业发展战略的实现和对自然垄断产业的规制中具有积极作用;在产业发展战略的实施中,应慎重把握行政性干预和市场机制之间的平衡,实现政企分开,侧重于创造鼓励创新的制度环境;在自然垄断行业中,应区分竞争性环节和自然垄断环节,并侧重于通过机制设计和价格管制限制自然垄断环节的市场势力。     

自然垄断产业改革的理论分析

随着经济社会的发展，自然垄断产业的理论在不断变化，自然垄断产业也在不断的改革。从自然垄断理论产生与发展的理论角度讲，自然垄断产业健康发展的关键是引入竞争机制和放松政府管制，使其符合市场经济发展的规律。     

自然垄断产业价格管制法律问题探讨

现代经济学对自然垄断的认识逐步深入,以经济学理论为基础,法律学者也逐步深入探讨自然垄断产业价格管制法律问题。我国对自然垄断产业进行价格管制存在的主要问题是:(1)价格功能弱化;(2)价格构成不合理;(3)价格管制机构职能单一,还存在政企不分的问题;(4)价格管制机构缺乏约束;(5)自然垄断产业价格垄断行为缺乏约束。文章认为完善自然垄断企业价格垄断行为管制的法律措施主要有四点:(1)确定对自然垄断产业价格管制的基本理论;(2)完善自然垄断产业价格管制的基本法;(3)遵循反垄断法和价格法各司其责互有配合的原则,确立协调的法律规范;(4)设定专门的管制机构,对不同性质的自然垄断区分管制。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.