产学研协同创新技术转移风险评价研究

相较于线性纵向垂直传递的产学研合作创新模式,产学研协同创新成果转移的边界范围更加弱化,更为非线性与动态化。在归纳产学研协同创新5类经典模式并对其适用条件进行界定的基础上,从企业、学研机构、科技服务中介、技术本身、政策环境和经济环境6个方面总结出主要影响因素,并建立风险评价体系。运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对其技术转移风险进行评价,有利避免了以往风险评价的主观性和难以量化问题,提高了评价可行性和科学性。     

面向协同创新的产学研知识转移研究现状及展望

查阅大量国内外相关研究文献,从产学研知识转移的含义、过程、渠道、模式、影响因素、绩效评价、产学研知识转移与协同创新的关系等方面展开综述,总结了协同创新环境下产学研知识转移的研究现状,分析该领域研究中存在的不足,并提出未来重点研究方向。     

专利视角下中国石油装备产业的产学研协同创新

分析了模块化对产学研协同创新的调节作用,构建了模块化流程解构下的产学研协同创新网络模型,并以模块化形式梳理了中国石油装备产业的产业结构。以此为基础,从专利的合作发明和技术转移(专利权利转移、专利实施许可)两个维度,解析了中国石油装备产业产学研协同创新的演变轨迹及存在的问题,并对产学研协同创新体系的构建及行业整体创新能力的提升提出了对策建议。     

基于流程的产学研协同创新机制研究

企业、高校和科研院所的协同创新可分为协同创新联盟建立、协同创新运行及运行过程风险监控3个模块,采用流程图清晰表达3个模块的构成环节和运作过程,对流程图中每个节点进行节点描述,明确其任务事项、管理规则、操作方法,重点研究了协同创新运行过程的动力层、行为层,即知识创造、转移和对接以及评价层。3个流程图具有衔接点,使产学研协同创新形成流畅的完整体系。     

基于三层次双维度评价体系的产学研结合技术创新风险实证研究

采取实证的方法研究产学研结合技术创新的风险评价问题。首先,基于产学研结合技术创新结构和风险本质,构建了三层次双维度的产学研结合技术创新风险评价体系;然后,以西安高新技术开发区为背景,对产学研结合技术创新风险评价问题进行了实证研究,通过风险评价体系对风险因素的发生可能性、影响程度及风险水平进行了定量评价,分析计算了风险因素之间的相关性,并通过相关系数对风险水平进行了调整,得到了更接近于现实情况的风险评价结果,进而为产学研结合技术创新的风险应对及控制提供定量决策支持。     

基于相继故障的集群协同创新网络风险评价研究

在集群协同创新网络发展过程中,如何有效防范和管控由网络动态级联效应产生的网络风险,实现集群协同创新网络稳固发展是值得深入研究的议题。首先,从相继故障理论视角构建协同创新网络风险评价体系,然后,基于粗糙集理论确定属性权重方法,构建了集群协同创新网络风险评价模型,并通过大连高新技术园区软件产业集群协同创新网络案例对评价模型进行了分析与验证。     

技术转移环境评价指标体系建立初探

本文对技术转移环境的评价体系进行了探讨，提出了技术转移环境评价指标体系的初级框架和测评的方法，认为对于大量的技术转移而言，需要建立起对其所转移环境的评价指标体系，以解决技术与环境的适应性问题。     

产学研协同创新组织模式及其优劣势分析

加强产学研协同创新是实施创新驱动发展战略和建设国家创新体系的客观需要,是实现产学研优势集成、资源整合、协同共生的内在要求,也是世界各国促进科技与经济紧密结合、提高技术创新能力的重要战略举措。在分析产学研协同创新内涵和特点的基础上,依据产学研协同创新组织层次和紧密程度,将产学研协同创新分为项目式、共建式、实体式、联盟式及虚拟式5种组织模式,并结合案例对每种组织模式的定义、内涵、具体形式、特点及其优劣势进行了探析,提出了模式选择的基本原则。     

市域协同创新水平动态评价及可视化分析

相较于省域协同创新水平评价,市域层面动态评价结果更能展现区域发展特征,可视化分析能更好地反映出地区差异。基于协同创新基础、协同创新合作和协同创新产出3个维度,构建市域协同创新水平动态评价及可视化分析模型,从静态和动态角度进行整体及分项评价分析。结果表明,江苏省市域协同创新水平差异显著,存在“南高北低,两极分化”现象;南京得益于其丰富的政治、经济、教育资源,协同创新水平最高;苏州居苏南最高,经济环境和沪宁辐射推动其协同创新发展;徐州赶超部分苏南城市,与其区位优势和教育资源密不可分。将时间因素纳入动态评价方法,并采取多种可视化方式呈现结果,提高差异辨析速度和效率。     

油气勘探开发技术研发风险评价与规避

运用期权观点分析油气勘探开发技术研发风险,依据风险来源分类即技术风险、生产风险、市场风险、管理风险、财务风险与环境风险构建油气勘探开发技术研发风险评价指标体系,确定各二级风险指标的评价值,并进行规范化处理,利用前馈神经网络预测勘探开发技术研发的风险。最后结合石油企业技术研发特点提出风险回避、风险转移、风险弱化、风险控制和风险监控系统化风险规避机制。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.