我国产业组织的进入与退出壁垒分析

我国的产业组织目前存在着许多问题，如产业集中度低、过度竞争、市场运作绩效较差等。本文从进入、退出壁垒的角度，分析了我国产业组织产生以上问题的原因主要是进入壁垒失效和退出壁垒过多，因此，应加强政府在进入、退出方面的规制。     

产能过剩在进入遏止中的作用

本文简述产能过剩的基本理论和不同的检验方法.根据有关产能过剩与产业壁垒的相关文献,从产能过剩的基本理论不同的模型出发,侧重分析产能过剩作为一个进入遏制,设立产业壁垒的手段所起到的效果.     

应试培训产业一体化发展的实证分析

文章认为我国应试培训产业在行业集中度相对较高的情况下,应试培训机构必须进一步扩大企业规模,形成经济规模壁垒,必要资本壁垒、资源占有壁垒或是产品差别壁垒,树立良好的企业形象,提高产业进入与退出成本,连锁经营的规模化道路是必然的选择。     

异质性视角的产业进入壁垒与流动壁垒——兼论我国产业管制的政策取向

企业只有具备核心能力才不会被替代,因此分析潜在企业进入产业的壁垒必须考虑对企业的能力要求。据此可将产业进入壁垒分为两类:同质性进入壁垒是阻碍潜在企业形成基本能力的因素;异质性壁垒是指阻碍行业内企业积累核心知识和能力、形成企业间异质性的共性因素,同时也是流动壁垒。政府产业管制的取向是同时消除同质性和异质性进入壁垒,尤其是后者,这将有利于避免因产业过度进入而面临的限制进入和鼓励竞争的两难冲突。     

我国银行业进入壁垒浅析

不同的产业组织理论学派对进入壁垒的理解不同,理论分歧较大。从定义来看,结构主义学派的基本立足点是相对于行业中的在位厂商来说的,进入者处于劣势的程度,而反应这种程度的则正是进入壁垒的高度或进入壁垒本身。而效率学派与可竞争市场理论的定义主要是以在位厂商与进入厂商问存在需求、成本不对称性为立足点,进入壁垒是指进入厂商必须承担而在位厂商不必承担的成本。     

中国煤炭产业集中度及其影响因素分析

文章对我国煤炭产业集中度的影响因素进行了分析,认为煤炭产业集中度受到历史、政策、企业竞争力、市场需求等各个方面因素的影响。为此,文中建立了我国煤炭产业集中度与市场进入壁垒、初期产业集中度、产业经济技术水平以及市场需求等因素的多元回归模型。回归结果显示,市场进入壁垒和初期产业集中度与当期煤炭产业集中度显著正相关,产业经济技术水平以及市场需求的影响则不显著。     

基于流动壁垒的IT产业战略群组间竞争战略分析

IT产业中不同战略群组之间存在不同的流动壁垒,其中主要是以企业为主体的策略性壁垒。属于不同战略群组的企业会受到不同流动壁垒的保护。微软阵营的流动壁垒是技术积累和知识沉淀的结果,而反微软阵营流动壁垒产生的缘于阵营内公司对微软阵营垄断地位的反抗。战略群组间流动壁垒的高低是导致行业中公司利润差异的重要因素。在应对IT产业战略群组的流动壁垒方面,在位企业需要保护已有的流动壁垒,而潜在进入企业可以通过模仿和改进的方式打破原有的流动壁垒加入竞争行列,或者通过创造新的流动壁垒,赢得市场竞争优势。     

我国政府干预下的市场壁垒对产业绩效的影响

转轨阶段,与西方发达市场经济不同,我国很多产业的市场壁垒呈现出较浓厚的政府干预和管制色彩。本文根据国有及国有控股产业的产值比重,对37个工业产业的市场结构进行了划分,将利润率指标和生产率指标结合起来反映产业绩效,同时,通过对不同市场结构产业的进入壁垒高度的总体判断,得到对政府干预、市场壁垒与产业绩效关系的判断。针对实证分析得出的结论,本文从制度建设出发,尝试为我国产业组织政策提出一些参考性的建议。     

策略群组与流动壁垒理论述评

近几十年来,进入、退出壁垒问题一直是产业组织理论研究的热点,最早对进入壁垒进行思考的是产业组织理论的开山鼻祖——乔·贝恩(Joe Bain)。1956年,贝恩首次提出     

政府审批制度改革与民营企业的市场准入

我国现行的政府审批制度 ,通过两种方式转化为民营企业的产业进入壁垒 :一是为保护产业内国有垄断企业利益而对民营企业实施的“进入阻挠” ;二是政府审批收费和寻租行为阻碍民营企业进入的“逆向选择效应”。这两种进入壁垒阻碍了民营企业的市场准入 ,抑制了民营经济的发展 ,需要通过改革政府审批制度来加以消除     

航空公司的管制和放松管制之争

对航空公司实施经济管制的两个主要理由是垄断势力的威胁和破坏性的竞争。不存在规模经济、进入和退出壁垒小、可竞争性理论可适用于民航运输市场是支持放松航空公司管制的三个理论支柱,但它们不断受到许多研究者的质疑。然而来自经济现实的证据表明,放松管制在机票价格、服务质量、生产效率等方面改善了产业绩效。     

企业家精神对我国产业技术效率的影响——基于随机前沿生产函数的实证研究

本文从企业家职能入手,探讨了创业精神与创新精神影响我国产业技术效率的微观机理,并以36个工业行业1998-2007年的面板数据为样本,运用随机前沿分析的方法进行实证检验。结果表明：创业精神基于纠错机制对技术效率的促进作用,在行政壁垒越大的行业越明显,对全部行业却并不显著;创新精神通过推动生产前沿边界的外移成为提升我国产业技术效率的主导力量,且该效应在市场竞争较充分的行业会得到强化。     

Good turnover and bad turnover: Barriers to business and productivity

Entrepreneurship, as reflected in industry turnover rates, is a central force behind output and productivity growth. However, cross country comparisons suggest that turnover rates are remarkably independent of barriers to business: Singapore, one of the most entry-friendly countries in the world, has the same industry turnover rate as Uzbekistan, a country where entry is considerably more difficult. In this paper, I suggest the solution to this apparent puzzle lies in the effect of survival barriers, which, like entry barriers, are higher in Uzbekistan than in Singapore. In other words, with similar turnover rates, Singapore is characterized by “good” turnover, whereas Uzbekistan is characterized by “bad” turnover.     

基于进入退出壁垒分析的煤炭企业转型策略研究

煤炭企业转型升级是完成煤炭行业“去产能”目标的重要途径,是实现煤炭企业从低附加值产业链中游向高附加值产业链上下游转移的重要方法。企业在转型过程中受到企业目前所在产业退出壁垒和企业转型目标产业进入壁垒的双重影响。通过静态平衡分析从理论上证明了进入壁垒、退出壁垒强度与企业利润负相关,同时这种影响会随着壁垒强度的提高而减弱,得出需面临高退出壁垒的煤炭企业更倾于向高进入壁垒的产业链上游转产的分析结果,通过相关度分析对结果进行了检验。最后,对实现“去产能”目标和优化煤炭产业结构提出了若干建议。     

自主建立中国石油设备行业质量认证制度探讨

技术性贸易壁垒是国际间贸易保护的重要形式,质量认证是技术性贸易壁垒的主要组成部分之一。目前,API认证是国内石油设备行业进入国际、国内市场的＂准入证＂,实际已成为国内企业建立、生存和发展的必备条件。2010年至今,国内221家企业被API取消证书使用权,占全球总量的80.7%,经济损失巨大,形势十分严峻。自主建立中国石油设备认证制度,改变API单一认证现状,值得研究探讨。     

THE WELFARE EFFECTS OF UPSTREAM MERGERS IN THE PRESENCE OF DOWNSTREAM ENTRY BARRIERS*

We examine the incentives for upstream firms to consolidate horizontally and the impact of this process on industry performance, when there are downstream entry barriers and firms negotiate bilaterally. In the short run, consumers are not worse off with upstream mergers, since consolidation only results in a redistribution of industry rents. In the long run, consumers are better off after upstream mergers, since they induce more entry into that segment. When social welfare is evaluated, a limit on upstream consolidation may prevent excessive entry; but upstream entry can be sometimes insufficient, if the retailers' intrinsic bargaining power is excessive.     

Measuring market response to regulation of the cable TV industry

During the 1988–1990 period, the cable television industry was subject to a number of regulatory events. These centered on possible reregulation of rates for basic service and reduction of entry barriers for potential competitors. Using the event study methodology on a portfolio of cable firms, we find evidence that news of no reregulation caused significant positive abnormal returns. News of reregulation caused insignificant negative abnormal returns. These findings provide some support for the traditional consumer protection theory of regulation. News related to entry barriers generally had no significant effect on returns, which suggests that elements of natural monopoly may exist in the industry.     

The political economy of entry barriers

We study a political economy model of entry barriers. Each period the policymaker determines whether to impose a high barrier to entry, and the special interest groups try to influence the policymaker's decision. Entry is accompanied by creative destruction—when many new firms enter, old firms are more likely to be driven out of the market. Therefore the current incumbents (industry leaders) tend to lobby for a higher entry barrier and potential entrants (industry followers) are likely to lobby for a freer environment for entry. We analyze both static and dynamic versions of the model to examine what kind of environment supports a policy that blocks entry. In the dynamic model, the economy can exhibit various different dynamics. In particular, multiple steady states may arise in equilibrium.     

DYNAMIC ENTRY WITH DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDE SPILLOVERS

Supply side spillovers have been used to explain firms' entry behavior in the pharmaceutical industry. In contrast, demand side spillovers have received less attention. This paper identifies supply and demand spillovers using a dynamic model of strategic interaction. The results indicate that demand side spillovers are more significant than the supply side spillovers to generic drug firms, and the demand side spillovers increase a firm's market share by 3%–4% on average in subsequent market entry. In addition, with supply side spillovers alone, lowering entry barriers can increase future entry rates, while in the case of demand side spillovers, lowering entry barriers will have the opposite effect. (JEL L110, L130, D220)     

Uber and the Persistence of Market Power

Entry into the taxi industry involves few risks. Entrants have lower costs than the incumbents, sunk costs are small, and modern technology makes it easy to hail a cab using the Internet. Despite large scale entry and low barriers to entry, monopoly power persists. The persistence of monopoly power illustrates that new technologies may not quickly eviscerate monopoly power.