现金流权与控制权分离下的公司价值——基于我国家族上市公司的实证研究

为探究现金流权与控制权的分离对我国家族上市公司价值的作用机理以及影响程度,本文首先建立了一个基于控制权私人收益的理论模型。然后,本文以121家家族上市公司为样本,对现金流权、控制权、现金流权与控制权的分离率以及影响公司价值的诸多因素进行细致的分析。研究表明,我国家族上市公司现金流权与控制权的分离率平均为62%,并且此分离程度在东亚为最高。另外,研究发现:我国家族上市公司价值与现金流权比例显著负相关,这可能是与控股股东的“掠夺性分红”行为有关;我国家族上市公司价值与控制权比例显著负相关,与独立董事人数占董事会比例、负债规模、净资产收益率均不相关,与公司规模显著负相关;公司规模与现金流权与控制权的分离率显著负相关。     

大股东收益对公司价值影响的研究——基于上市公司2005—2008年的经验数据

本文以我国2005—2008年存在控制性股权转让的69个上市公司为研究对象,从大股东对上市公司超控制权收益攫取的视角,研究了控制权成本补偿与超控制权收益的划分以及大股东收益对公司价值的影响。研究发现,在我国特殊的制度背景下,大股东在控制权转移过程中获取的控制权收益都是超控制权收益,其与公司价值之间存在明显的线性关系;我国存在控制性股权转移的上市公司的公司价值与现金流权比例正相关,与控制权比例不相关,与控制权和现金流权的分离度以及超控制权收益显著负相关,与公司规模、资产负债率等不相关。     

大股东收益对公司价值影响的研究——基于上市公司2005—2008年的经验数据

本文以我国2005—2008年存在控制性股权转让的69个上市公司为研究对象,从大股东对上市公司超控制权收益攫取的视角,研究了控制权成本补偿与超控制权收益的划分以及大股东收益对公司价值的影响。研究发现,在我国特殊的制度背景下,大股东在控制权转移过程中获取的控制权收益都是超控制权收益,其与公司价值之间存在明显的线性关系;我国存在控制性股权转移的上市公司的公司价值与现金流权比例正相关,与控制权比例不相关,与控制权和现金流权的分离度以及超控制权收益显著负相关,与公司规模、资产负债率等不相关。     

大股东控制权、现金流权与公司绩效——基于中国家族上市公司的实证研究

以2009年沪市发行A股且采用金字塔控股的137家家族上市公司为样本,用托宾Q衡量公司绩效,对现金流权、控制权、两权分离度对公司绩效的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明:我国家族上市公司最终控制股东现金流权与托宾Q正相关,表现出利益汇聚和激励效应;最终控制股东控制权与托宾Q负相关,存在大股东利用控制权攫取控制权私利现象,并且两权分离度与托宾Q负相关。     

家族企业现金持有量影响因素分析

本文分析了我国家族上市公司现金持有量的影响因素。与已有的研究结论不同,本文实证回归结果表明,家族上市公司资产负债率、董事长和总经理两职合一、现金替代物、债务融资成本与现金持有量显著负相关,公司投资机会、第一大股东持股比例、股利支付率与现金持有量显著正相关,企业规模、银行借款比重、控制权与现金流权分离度和股权制衡比例和现金持有量没有显著相关性。融资约束是影响家族企业现金持有量决策的重要因素,而且家族控股股东对上市公司主要体现为支持动机,而不是一般认为的掏空动机。     

家族企业现金持有量影响因素分析

本文分析了我国家族上市公司现金持有量的影响因素。与已有的研究结论不同,本文实证回归结果表明,家族上市公司资产负债率、董事长和总经理两职合一、现金替代物、债务融资成本与现金持有量显著负相关,公司投资机会、第一大股东持股比例、股利支付率与现金持有量显著正相关,企业规模、银行借款比重、控制权与现金流权分离度和股权制衡比例和现金持有量没有显著相关性。融资约束是影响家族企业现金持有量决策的重要因素,而且家族控股股东对上市公司主要体现为支持动机,而不是一般认为的掏空动机。     

终极控制人两权分离与公司绩效——以安徽省民营上市公司为例

以安徽省民营上市公司为研究样本,用样本公司2009-2011年的面板数据对终极控制股东控制权、现金流权以及两权分离情况与公司绩效之间的关系进行研究,统计结果表明:安徽省民营上市公司终极控制人两权分离度与公司绩效的显著负相关,控制权、现金流权与公司绩效显著正相关。由此得出结论,终极控制股东的控制权与现金流权两权过度偏离会导致公司绩效下降。     

国有控股上市公司的控制权、金字塔式结构和侵占行为——来自中国股权分置改革的证据

文献认为,当上市公司的控制权和现金流出现分离时,会发生控股股东对上市公司的侵占,而这一分离会出现在二元股权或金字塔式的公司结构中。在中国,直到2005年实行股权分置改革之前,双类股和金字塔式的公司结构同时存在于上市公司。股权分置改革仅消除了二元股权结构,但金字塔式结构依然存在。通过对这一外生变化的研究,本文估计了控股股东利用金字塔式结构对上市公司进行侵占的规模。结果显示,控股权越大,现金流权越小,侵占的规模越大。同时,这种侵占在国有控股公司中更明显,在私人公司中并未出现。究其原因,虽然国有企业的现金流权高于私人企业,但国有公司的控股权比例也高于私人公司。股权分置改革削弱了控股股东的侵占能力,但分离仍然存在,而且依旧产生对小股东的侵占。结果显示,侵占的平均规模为总资产的7%～8%。如果实行一股一票原则,资产扩张会减少13%。     

浅析上市公司股权再融资偏好之谜——以T公司为例

笔者作为项目组成员参与了T公司非公开发行股票项目,发现T公司存在明显的股权再融资偏好,具体体现为在资产负债率显著低于行业平均水平、债权融资更有利于提升ROE、剩余前次募集资金投向尚不明确的情况下仍采用股权再融资方式筹集资金。从T公司的案例中,笔者认为,上市公司股权再融资偏好的主要成因包括:两权未分离下的内部人控制;控股股东利用溢价增发实现套利;在控制权不受影响的情况下稀释现金流权以小博大。     

金字塔结构对自愿性信息披露程度的影响:来自家族控股上市公司的经验验证

本文通过构建简单的理论模型研究了金字塔所有权结构对上市公司自愿性信息披露的影响,并以2002—2004年我国家族控股上市公司为样本进行了实证检验。研究发现终极控制人为了获取私人利益而倾向于抑制对外披露私人信息,即终极控制人的控制权和现金流权分离度越大、终极控制权比例越高,上市公司自愿性信息披露程度越低,而董事会在一定程度上起到了监督终极控制人行为的积极作用。     

基于因子分析的民营上市公司可持续增长研究

以2009年长三角和珠三角的民营上市公司为样本,在传统指标的基础上,考虑公司治理和资源利用等因素,构建影响民营企业可持续增长的因子分析模型,提炼出股东现金流权、控制权偏离度和赫芬达尔指数等八个影响民营上市公司可持续增长的重要因素,表明协调资源配置,提升治理水平是民营企业实现可持续增长的重要保证。     

信息不对称、公司治理与现金持有价值——基于知情交易概率的非平稳面板数据

本文为了研究中国上市公司信息不对称、公司治理和现金持有价值之间的关系,以沪深上市公司2004-2009年数据为基础,利用知情交易概率作为管理者和投资者之间的信息不对称代理变量,以高管持股比例作为公司治理代理变量,利用公司各种财务指标作为控制变量,发现信息不对称与中国上市公司现金持有价值呈显著负相关,高管持股比例和现金持有价值显著正相关,支持自由现金流理论和委托代理理论,信息不对称程度越高,管理者越可能滥用现金,导致现金持有价值下降,而提高公司治理,加强投资者保护可以提高现金持有价值。     

Does Family Control Shape Corporate Capital Structure? An Empirical Analysis of Eurozone Firms

This study investigates the relationship between family control and corporate capital structure considering the dynamic nature of the debt policy and the ownership structure of family firms. Our results show that the sensitivity of debt to fluctuations in cash flow is less pronounced in family firms and highlight that family control increases the speed of adjustment toward target debt. Four dimensions of the family business model explain these results: deviations of voting from cash flow rights, the presence of a second blockholder in the company, involvement of family members in management, and the generation in charge of the business. The weaker negative impact of cash flow on debt is driven by family firms with no control‐enhancing mechanisms, companies with active family participation in management and family businesses that are still controlled by the first generation. By contrast, the more severe agency conflicts between owners and creditors in family firms with a second blockholder lead to more pronounced pecking order behaviour. Furthermore, the higher flexibility in corporate decision‐making of family firms managed by the family and under the influence of the first generation explains why family companies are able to rebalance their capital structure faster.     

Separation of Ownership from Control and Acquiring Firm Performance: The Case of Family Ownership in Canada

Abstract:   This study investigates the relationship between ownership structure and acquiring firm performance. A large proportion of Canadian public companies have controlling shareholders (families) that often exercise control over voting rights while holding a small fraction of the cash flow rights. This is achieved through the concurrent use of dual class voting shares and stock pyramids. Many suggest that these ownership structures involve larger agency costs than those imposed by dispersed ownership structures and that they distort corporate decisions with respect to investment choices such as acquisitions. We find that average acquiring firm announcement period abnormal returns for our sample of 327 Canadian transactions are positive over the 1998–2002 period. Cash deals, acquisitions of unlisted targets and cross‐border deals have a positive impact on value creation. Governance mechanisms (outside block‐holders, unrelated directors and small board size) also have a positive influence on the acquiring firm performance. Further, the positive abnormal returns are greater for family firms. We do not find that separation of ownership and control has a negative impact on performance. These results suggest that, contrary to other jurisdictions offering poor minority shareholder protection or poor corporate governance, separation of control and ownership is not viewed as leading to value destroying mergers and acquisitions, i.e., market participants do not perceive families as using M&A to obtain private benefits at the expense of minority shareholders. We do find a non‐monotonic relationship between ownership level and acquiring firm abnormal returns. Ownership of a majority of the cash flow rights has a negative impact on announcement returns. This is consistent with the view that large shareholders may undertake less risky projects as their wealth invested in the firm increases.     

Does strengthening large shareholders’ cash flow rights reduce their expropriation motivation? Evidence from China’s dividend tax reforms

According to classic corporate governance theory, strengthening large shareholders’ cash flow rights without changing their control rights should reduce expropriation incentives by better aligning their interests with those of minority shareholders. However, due to the weaker investor protections and low dividend payouts of listed firms in China, large shareholders typically extract private benefits instead of seeking shared benefits through dividends. They therefore care more about control rights than cash flow rights. An empirical study using the exogenous changes of two rounds of dividend tax reductions reveals that strengthening the largest shareholders’ cash flow rights leaves their expropriation activities unchanged and firm value does not increase. However, when other shareholders supervise the largest shareholder, expropriation activities ease significantly.     

Agency Problems at Dual-Class Companies

Using a sample of U.S. dual-class companies, we examine how divergence between insider voting and cash flow rights affects managerial extraction of private benefits of control. We find that as this divergence widens, corporate cash holdings are worth less to outside shareholders, CEOs receive higher compensation, managers make shareholder value-destroying acquisitions more often, and capital expenditures contribute less to shareholder value. These findings support the agency hypothesis that managers with greater excess control rights over cash flow rights are more prone to pursue private benefits at shareholders' expense, and help explain why firm value is decreasing in insider excess control rights.     

Large controlling shareholders and stock price synchronicity

This paper examines the effect of controlling shareholders on stock price synchronicity by focusing on two salient corporate governance features in a concentrated ownership setting, namely, ultimate cash flow rights and the separation of voting and cash flow rights (i.e., excess control). Using a unique dataset of 654 French listed firms spanning 1998–2007, this study provides evidence that stock price synchronicity increases with excess control, supporting the argument that controlling shareholders tend to disclose less firm-specific information to conceal opportunistic practices. Additionally, this study shows that firms with substantial excess control are more likely to experience stock price crashes, consistent with the conjecture that controlling shareholders are more likely to hoard bad information when their control rights exceed their cash flow rights. Another important finding is that firms’ stock prices are less synchronous and less likely to crash when controlling shareholders own a large fraction of cash flow rights. This is consistent with the argument that controlling shareholders have less incentive to adopt poor disclosure policies and to accumulate bad news, since high cash flow ownership aligns their interests with those of minority investors.     

终极股东特征、公司多元化与融资约束

理论研究表明公司多元化经营形成的内部资本市场有助于缓解公司所面临的融资约束,不同的终极股东特征可能由于代理问题或由于加强内部资本市场功能而减弱或增强缓解公司融资约束的作用。本文以2004～2009年中国上市公司作为样本,实证考察不同终极股东特征下,非国有控制公司与国有控制公司多元化经营战略缓解公司融资约束的作用是否存在显著差异。实证结果表明当终极股东现金流权与控制权不偏离,或者当终极股东控制链层级较多时,非国有控制公司多元化缓解融资约束的作用显著强于国有控制公司。然而,当终极股东现金流权与控制权偏离,或者当终极股东控制链层级较少时,国有控制公司多元化缓解融资约束的作用并没有显著强于非国有控制公司。     

Ownership Structure and Dividend Preference

Most Chinese listed companies have been transformed from state-owned enterprises; the resulting institutional transformation is characterized by the emergence of highly concentrated ownership and state-owned shares, which may exert an influence on corporate finance. We examine the relationship between ownership structure and cash dividend preference and then reexamine the same relationship with different levels of growth opportunities. The results reveal a positive relationship between cash dividend preference and state ownership, but the same relationship exists only in firms facing lower levels of investment opportunity. However, the ratio of employee shares and tradable shares correlates significantly and negatively with cash dividend preference.     

公司特征、股权结构与现金持有量

在中国特定的制度和治理背景下探讨企业特征与股权结构对企业现金持有量的影响,并从静态和动态两个角度进行实证研究的结果表明,虽然静态实证结果显示权衡理论、代理理论和融资优序理论都能一定程度上解释中国企业的现金持有行为,但动态实证结果显示中国上市公司的现金持有量具有动态的均值复归趋势。这符合权衡理论和代理理论的预期,但不符合融资优序理论预期。