浅析单位内幕交易违法的认定与处罚

近年,单位作为主体从事内幕交易的案例呈增加之势。本文结合行政执法与刑事司法实践,结合近年典型单位内幕交易案例,并借鉴海外监管查处经验,着重讨论了单位内幕交易认定的一些疑难法律问题,诸如是否将单位作为违法主体以及是否处罚、如何认定单位知悉与利用内幕信息、如何区分单位内幕交易行为与个人内幕交易行为等问题。     

证券市场内幕交易认定的前沿探索

证券市场内幕交易行为的存在会影响金融稳定与安全,内幕交易的认定是对其进行规制的重要内容。本文通过梳理实践中出现的认定困境、学术争议和域外经验,认为内幕交易的主体认定应以特定身份为原则,不再以非法手段为要件,并增加豁免情形,主观方面可借鉴折中知悉标准,客观方面应不以发生实际结果为要件,信息敏感期间的形成节点则应适当提前,希冀内幕交易认定更具可操作性和合理性,以期对规避内幕交易和证券市场稳定发展有所裨益。     

我国证券市场内幕交易的法学实证分析——来自31起内幕交易成案的统计分析

内幕交易是证券法学界炙手可热、经久不衰的热门课题,关于内幕交易的各种概念、学说、理论被学术界翻炒得烂熟,解剖个案麻雀的精彩论著也不鲜见,但受制于案例、资料和相关数据的局限,少有学者从实证角度,系统性地研究我国内幕交易成案的总体特征。本文力图在传统证券法学研究途径之外,独辟蹊径,通过运用统计、数量分析等经济学科工具,对证券市场成立以来查处的全部31起内幕交易案件加以实证分析,以期得出我国内幕交易案件的发案特征与规律,为打击和防范内幕交易违法行为,修订内幕交易法制提供数据支持和实证参考。     

内幕交易理论的普通法基础

本文以美国最高法院的重要判例为主线,讨论内幕交易的"特定事实"学说、经典理论和盗用理论,分析这些理论的普通法基础及其演变过程,以图说明内幕交易法的移植是一件非常困难的事,各国(地区)只有以自己的基本法律、执法机制和司法体制为依归,才能发展出合用的内幕交易法.     

加大证券监管力度严打证券内幕交易

随着我国证券市场的不断发展,我国证券行业在不断发展完善的同时,也出现了"黄光裕案"、"五粮液案"、"杭萧钢构案"等虚假陈述、操纵市场、内幕交易违法违规案例,且呈愈演愈烈之势。9月7日,证监会发布《2011年上半年证券稽查执法情况综述》,介绍了上半年打击证券内幕交易、查处违法违规行为的情况。本期财经热点关注证券市场内幕交易及其监管与防范。     

内幕交易新动向及其法律规制研究

在资本市场企业并购重组活跃环境下,内幕交易这一资本市场"痼疾"不断呈现出新动向,如行为加剧化、主体多元化等.内幕交易新动向的法律成因主要在于现行法律法规对内幕交易规制的缺陷,即内幕交易法律责任的不力、内幕信息认定标准的不足、内幕交易取证的不易以及上市公司内部控制信息披露机制的不健全.因此,应立足于这些缺陷,完善内幕交易的法律规制,以维护资本市场的健康发展.     

内幕交易犯罪刑事判决阙如的现状与反思

在司法实践中,内幕交易刑事判决一直极少,大量内幕交易案件被处以行政处罚。通过对现有可采集到的涉及内幕交易的行政处罚书和刑事判决书进行梳理和分析发现:在全部行政处罚案件中,有超过一半的案件实际上已符合了内幕交易犯罪的入罪标准,却未予以入罪;已经入罪的刑事犯罪案件,则多属于内幕交易大案、要案,涉案金额特别巨大。原因在于作为区分行政违法行为与刑事犯罪行为的"情节严重"标准被严重虚置,因此,应当对现有"情节严重"标准进行重构,提高数额标准,增加情节要件。     

如何界定内幕信息的范围及其特征

近来,证监会等五部委在<关于依法打击和防控资本市场内幕交易的意见>中提出,要抓紧制定涉及上市公司内幕信息的保密制度,明确内幕信息范围、流转程序、保密措施和责任追究要求.这一意见,涉及到如何认定内幕交易罪中的内幕信息的范围和特征.<证券法>第75条和<期货交易管理条例>第85条对于证券、期货内幕信息的含义和范围予以了明确的规定.笔者认为,内幕信息具有秘密性和重要性两个基本特征.     

我国证券市场内幕交易研究

证券市场内幕交易行为扰乱证券市场的正常运行秩序,损害普通投资者的利益。但由于内幕交易手法多样、甄别难度大等原因,监管内幕交易行为一直是我国乃至全世界范围内共同存在的难题。本文从内幕交易形成机制和监管的问题两方面分析如何全面、最优地进行监管,以减少内幕交易行为的滋生。     

"非法获取"内幕信息人员的身份解读

我国《刑法》第180条规定,"内幕交易罪"、"泄露内幕信息罪"的主体包括两类,即内幕信息"知情人员"和"非法获取"内幕信息人员。其中"非法获取"内幕信息人员是一般主体还是特殊主体的问题,关系到这两种内幕信息犯罪主体身份特征的解释,也关系到司法实践中对这两种犯罪的适用。我国刑法理论通说认为该类人员属于特殊主体,但通过参照国外相关理论和考察我国立法精神,发现通说值得商榷。     

规制证券短线交易法律制度的现存问题与对策

起源于美国的上市公司内部人短线交易(short-swing trading)收益归入权制度,是证券内幕交易法律规制制度的一个重要组成部分,其立法目的在于通过对上市公司内部人的短线交易收益予以归入这一威慑手段,建立内幕交易的事先防范和吓阻机制,以维持投资者对资本市场公正性和公平性的信赖,保障资本市场的健康、有序发展。本文试从投资者权益保护的视角,在对我国现行的相关法律制度、司法和监管实践进行研究分析的基础上,借鉴美国、日本、韩国、台湾地区等境外成熟市场的成功经验,提出了完善我国短线交易法律规制制度的若干建议与对策。     

德国最高法院对“抢帽子交易”案的判决及其启示

如何界定“抢帽子交易”的法律性质，在各国证券界一直存在争议。2003年德国联邦最高法院对斯图加特“抢帽子交易上诉案”作出判决，裁定“抢帽子交易”不是内幕交易，而是市场操纵。这一判决无论是对德国司法实践还是对德国证券法学理论都具有极其重要的意义。本文以德国联邦最高法院的判决书和相关法律资料为基础，简要介绍了案情、一审判决和联邦最高法院的判决，详细阐述了联邦最高法院将“抢帽子交易”裁定为市场操纵的依据，并论述了该案例可对我国证券立法和执法提供的启发和借鉴意义。     

Insider Trading and Firm Performance Following Open Market Share Repurchase Announcements

The long‐run performance of equity securities subsequent to announcements of open market repurchases (OMR) remains a contentious topic. In this paper we propose the “dichotomous expectations hypothesis” which posits that insider trading following share repurchase announcements reveals private information concerning the future operating performance of announcing firms. In particular, insider abnormal purchases (abnormal sales) should predict an improvement (decline) in operating performance that leads to higher (lower) long‐run stock returns. Our hypothesis offers a credible economic link between insider trading and subsequent long‐run stock performance through the intervening variable of operating performance. The empirical results show consistency with this linkage.     

Bank Mergers and Insider Nontrading

Insiders with nonpublic information that their firms are acquisition targets can profit by purchasing their firms' stock or by delaying planned sales of their firms' stock. Under current securities laws, insiders who execute the former strategy expose themselves to civil and criminal liability, whereas insiders who execute the latter strategy do not. Using a sample of bank mergers, we find that target bank insiders significantly decrease both share purchases and share sales before merger announcements. These findings suggest that securities laws effectively deter some forms of illegal insider trading and that insiders exploit opportunities to profit legally from nonpublic information.     

海外内幕交易主体的规则和司法判例研究及借鉴

文章分析了美国《证券交易法》规则10b5—2的合理性和缺陷，同时参照美国、台湾和日本的证券立法实践，对我国《证券法》中有关内幕交易主体的规定存在的缺陷提出了修改和完善的建议。我国《证券法》应将家庭成员、发行人和外部信息制造者纳入内幕交易的主体范围，这对于正确理解和完善内幕交易的法律规则将起到积极作用。     

An Empirical Analysis of Quoted Depths of NYSE and Amex Stocks

In this study, we find strong intertemporal/cross-sectional correlations between quoted depths and various security characteristics for a sample of stocks listed on the NYSE and Amex. Our empirical results indicate that although specialists are generally unable to discern insider trading as it occurs, they cope with insider trading by posting smaller depths for stocks with a greater tendency of insider trading. Empirical evidence also indicates that specialists/limit order traders quote smaller depths for riskier stocks to limit potential losses to better-informed traders. In addition, we find that specialists/limit order traders quote larger depths for stocks with greater trading volume, larger market capitalization, and higher competition. Overall, our findings suggest that depths are an important means through which specialists and limit order traders deal with the adverse selection problem, order processing problem, and competition.     

Insider Trading and the Bid-Ask Spread

This study examines the intertemporal and cross-sectional association between the bid-ask spread and insider trading. Empirical results from the cross-sectional regression analysis reveal that market makers establish larger spreads for stocks with a greater extent of insider trading. The time-series regression analysis, however, finds no evidence of spread changes on insider trading days. These results suggest that although market makers may not be able to detect insider trading when it occurs, they protect themselves by maintaining larger spreads for stocks with a greater tendency of insider trading. The results also reveal that market makers establish larger spreads when there are unusually large transactions. In addition, this study finds that spreads are positively associated with risk and negatively with trading volume, the number of exchange listings, share price, and firm size.     

The role of the media in disseminating insider-trading news

We use the process through which insider trading (SEC Form 4) filings are made public to investigate whether media coverage affects the way securities markets assimilate news. To do this, we use recent changes in disclosure rules governing insider trades as well as the initiation of coverage by Dow Jones to cleanly identify media effects. Using high-resolution intraday data, we find clear effects of media dissemination on the way prices and volume respond to insider trading news in the minutes after its release. These results help to resolve open questions regarding the role of the media in capital markets, including why apparently second hand news affects securities prices.