非正规就业破解就业压力

今后10～15年间,我国非正规就业将呈现以下趋势: 1.非正规部门将得到巨大的发展,非正规就业比例将迅速上升,成为我国城镇最主要的就业部门。阻碍这一趋势发展的因素主要包括:非正规部门生存环境恶劣,缺乏必要的政策保障、资金信贷渠道、场地设施等;非正规从业者处于“低技能、低收入、高风险”的境地,缺乏必要的社会保障、法律保护和技能培训。     

非正规部门就业:效应与对策

我国当前和未来就业形势不容乐观，非正规部门就业不仅是缓解就业压力的有效途径之一，也能够促进社会经济持续稳定发展。针对非正规部门就业存在的问题，应采取鼓励非正规部门发展等措施促进非正部门就业。     

快速城市化下城中村非正规性的形成机制与治理

在快速城市化和社会经济制度渐进式改革下,我国城市空间经历剧烈的转型和重构。城中村作为我国工业化、城市化快速发展和城乡二元结构体制背景下的产物,呈现特殊的"物质—经济—社会"空间形态。现有文献对城中村的形成、发展、本质与改造模式等进行大量的探索,并形成丰富的方法与结论。然而,以非正规性为切入点的城中村研究尚不多见。在文献梳理的基础上,以城中村的非正规性为研究重点,通过透视城中村经济活动的非正规性、住房市场的非正规性和行政管理的非正规性,揭示城中村非正规性的特征与成因,并提出非正规性治理的建议。     

失地农民中特殊群体非正规就业问题实证研究——以成都市郊两镇为例

通过对成都市郊弥牟镇和大弯镇的特殊群体——大龄、文化程度低失地农民非正规就业选择问题的实证案例及其理论分析,揭示了非正规就业是大龄、文化程度低失地农民人力资本合理的再配置形式;城市政府现行相关政策导向和制度安排导致非正规就业制度成本上升,无助于这一群体生计的可持续性。城市政府应积极看待非正规就业的正面功能,以新的制度安排促进非正规就业市场的健康发展,从而为社会弱势群体创造实现可持续生计的公平机会。     

深圳非正规就业发展的实证分析

非正规就业对加快城市化进程,缓解就业压力,促进社会和谐具有重要的意义,深圳的非正规就业发展更具代表性。文章采用SPSS数据模型,以非正规就业发展的时间序列数据为基础,对深圳非正规就业部门、非正规就业者的规模、非正规就业对GDP和产业经济发展的关联与贡献进行了实证分析。     

非正规部门就业:效应与对策

我国当前和未来就业形势不容乐观，非正规门就业不仅是缓解就业压力的有效途径之一，也能够促进社会经济持续稳定发展。针对非正规部门就业存在的问题，应采取鼓励非正规部门发展等措施促进非正规部门就业。     

贵阳市"城中村"问题研究

“城中村”是指伴随城市郊区化、产业分散化以及乡村城市化的迅猛发展,为城建用地所包围或纳入城建用地范围的原有农村聚落。随着城市化的不断推进,“城中村”的改造已成为中国城市化发展面临的一个普遍性问题。贵阳市随着城市建设发展,在中心城区或城区边缘形成的一个个所谓“城中村”,已严重影响到贵阳城市功能的发挥、城市空间资源的优化配置和城市现代化的推进,对“城中村”的改造势在必行。一、贵阳市“城中村”现状及类型在贵阳市城市总体确定的495平方公里城区规划范围内,共包含行政村78个,贵阳市“十一五”期间列入改造的行政村有29…     

生态文明推进下的城中村改造问题探究

近年来,改造“城中村”的呼声和行动已经成为城市发展进程中的热浪。但“城中村”这道城市中特殊的风景线依然站立。从城中村存在的现状入手,结合生态文明对城中村建设、发展等方面的新要求,寻求一条适应城中村建设和发展的新道路。     

中国非正规就业增长的新特点与对策

劳动力过剩、企业低成本雇佣及劳动力人力资本禀赋低是导致我国非正规就业规模增长的主要原因。为促使非正规就业良性发展,实现非正规就业正规化,需要改善当前的劳动力市场分割状况和转变企业低成本竞争模式。     

非正规就业及其社会保障基金筹集研究

非正规就业是我国近几年来新兴的一种就业形式 ,也称“候鸟式”就业。这种就业形式在诸如缓解就业和社会保障等的压力上有着重要的作用。文章就我国非正规就业的产生、发展及其作用 ,非正规部门就业的社会保障基金的筹集等问题进行了分析。     

中国农民市民化经济门槛与城市化关系研究:理论与实证

应用“门槛理论”分析了中国农民市民化的经济门槛,动力学模型的推导及其实证研究结果表明:农村居民可支配收入超过“梯级门槛”的农村居民的数量是影响我国城市化发展的速度、进程的关键变量。因此,降低农民市民化的经济门槛、增加农民收入、有效控制城乡居民收入差距扩大化趋势是实现农民市民化的前提条件,同时也是全面推进中国城市化发展必须解决的现实问题。     

关于个税起征点的研究

本文提供了一种方法,即通过数值模拟,考察了个人所得税起征点和劳动就业率、社会公平以及社会福利水平的相互关系。本文以搜寻和匹配模型为基础,根据我国目前个人所得税制度中对分级税率和税级距的设定,通过数值模拟的方法计算了合理的个人所得税起征点。计算结果显示:(1)中国的个人所得税起征点仍有一定的提升空间,但空间并不大。(2)提高起征点可以增加就业,若将起征点由2000元提高到2800元,就业率可以提高两个百分点。但起征点从2800元再继续提高,对就业的促进作用就微乎其微了。(3)提高个人所得税起征点在一定程度上损害了社会公平。因此,要兼顾社会公平,个人所得税起征点不宜过高。我国的个人所得税改革不应该强调起征点,以家庭作为课税单位才是个人所得税改革的重点和方向。     

A THEORY OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR

In many countries, especially poor countries, a heavy burden of taxes, fees, bureaucratic hassles, and bribes drives many producers into an informal sector. This paper shows that we can attribute the existence of a large informal sector to the fact that, because productive endowments contain important unobservable components, the state cannot adjust the amounts that it extracts from producers in the formal sector finely according to each producer's endowment. Given this fact, we find that if the endowment of well-endowed producers is sufficiently large relative to poorly endowed producers, or if their number is relatively large, or if the quality of public services is sufficiently low, then the state extracts a large enough amount from producers in the formal sector that poorly endowed producers choose to work in the informal sector. This result obtains both for a proprietary state, which maximizes its own net revenue, and for a hypothetical benevolent state, which would maximize total net output. But, we also find that there exist combinations of the distribution of endowments and the quality of public services such that the policies of a proprietary state, but not the policies of a hypothetical benevolent state, would cause poorly endowed producers to work in the informal sector.     

广东30年城镇建设成就与城镇走廊演变

在回顾广东城镇建设成就基础上,把城镇走廊作为区域发展空间结构的表现形式,构建城镇走廊指数模型,运用GIS技术方法对不同发展时期的城镇走廊进行识别和比较,以此来探讨改革开放30年来广东区域发展的空间格局的变化轨迹.城镇走廊区域主要分雏形、整合、强化3种不同程度的走廊空间,广东城镇走廊的发展基本上经历了穗深等城市"据点"式发展,珠江东岸穗港"廊道"形成和珠江三角洲"块状"集聚3个阶段.与广东经历的工业化初级、中级和高级阶段大致相对应.未来广东城镇走廊的发展趋势和调控方向应该形成轴线式的跨省跨区域的城镇走廊格局,并以此逐步辐射并带动广东全域.     

Urban informal sector and poverty

Many studies have explored the connection between trade and poverty theoretically and empirically for the developing world. We offer another look at the possible implications of trade liberalization on urban poverty by using the urban informal sector as a catalyst. The theory shows that trade liberalization in the import competing sector raises informal wage across occupational types, and expands production and employment in the informal industrial segment. Further, using Indian provincial data on wage, capital stock and value added in the informal sector we show that real informal wage increased with trade reform and transmitted favorable impact on urban poverty reduction.     

Informal employment in developing countries : Opportunity or last resort?

There is an ongoing debate among researchers and policy makers, whether informal sector employment is a result of competitive market forces or labor market segmentation. More recently it has been argued that none of the two theories sufficiently explains informal employment, but that the informal sector shows a heterogenous structure. For some workers the informal sector is an attractive employment opportunity, whereas for others - rationed out of the formal sector - the informal sector is a strategy of last resort. To test the empirical relevance of this hypothesis we formulate an econometric model which allows for several unobserved segments within the informal sector and apply it to the urban labor market in Côte d'Ivoire.     

Rural-urban migration,informal sector and development policies: a theoretical analysis

"A theoretical model of rural-urban migration has been developed with special reference to the informal sector. The wage rate and employment in the informal sector are determined endogenously. The paper shows the simultaneous existence of open unemployment and informal sector in the urban area in migration equilibrium. The effects of alternative subsidy policies on unemployment and welfare of the workers are studied." The model is intended primarily for use in analyzing trends and policies in developing countries.     

International Trade,Migration and Unemployment – The Role of Informal Sector

This paper provides an elaborate general equilibrium framework by including informal economic activities in a model of trade, migration and unemployment. Existence of informal activities is critical in generating positive employment effects of liberal trade policies. Following a tariff cut informal wage increases and rate of unemployment goes down under reasonable conditions. Next we generalize the benchmark model to capture the phenomenon of sequential migration: from agriculture to urban informal sector, and then to urban formal sector. Positive employment effect of reformatory trade policy partly owes to the fact that the presence of informal sector directly reduces the cost of migration and, hence, further induces the process of outmigration from agricultural sector. The paper also extends the benchmark model to include both informal intermediate and final good.     

乡镇财政解困研究:基于基层政区改革的视角

乡镇财政困境成为近年来"三农"问题研究的热点,对此的破解思路也已有诸多探索。然而总体来说,多数学者将乡镇财政解困的研究视野锁定在乡镇财政体制机制上,忽视了乡镇财政体制与基层政区组织之间的逻辑关联与互动效应。文章试图通过理论分析、逻辑推理来指出基层政区改革是研究和破解乡镇财政困难的一个恰当视角,并进一步通过文献佐证和案例印证来证实通过基层政区改革来实现乡镇财政解困的科学性与合理性。     

Informal Employment and the Role of Regional Governance

The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation to why the degree of informal employment may vary substantially between different regions within a country. In Brazil, 45% of workers in the urban labor force are employed informally. The degree of informal employment, however, varies substantially across regions, with some cities having 20% and others having 80% or more of their labor force in the informal sector. The hypothesis assessed here is that the quality of local governance—or government effectiveness—affects the decisions of workers and businesses as to whether to participate in the formal or the informal sector. The empirical analysis, based on data from 5500 Brazilian municipalities, shows that informal employment is lower in regions with better governance, higher average education, and with a relatively large manufacturing sector. Endogeneity concerns are addressed as part of a series of robustness checks of the results.