企业经营者胜任特征与个人绩效的关系研究——基于管理职能维度的实证分析

本文基于国内外关于"胜任力"理论的相关研究,自行编制由11项胜任特征分问卷和三个不同层级管理者绩效分问卷构成的量表,在江苏、福建、广东和山东等地选取样本,以管理职能为维度,验证了不同管理职能企业经营者胜任特征的差异性及其与个人绩效的相关关系.该研究对企业经营者的选拔、培养、激励及继任问题,以及企业建立合理有效的约束激励机制有着重要的理论意义.     

基层管理者胜任力模型实证研究

基层管理者的选拔与培养是基层管理者队伍建设的重要内容,而做好这两件工作的基础首先是要了解基层管理者的能力要求,即基层管理者胜任力。文章在调查和访谈的基础上提出基层管理者胜任力模型假设,依照假设编制了基层管理者胜任力调查问卷,并采用因子分析方法对数据进行处理,最终得出基层管理者胜任力模型。     

跨国经营背景下的跨文化胜任力研究述评

管理者跨文化胜任力水平直接影响到其跨文化管理能力和效果。对跨国经营背景下的跨文化胜任力研究进行了综述,对跨文化胜任力的定义及研究现状进行了整理,指出了现有研究的不足,提出了跨文化胜任力研究框架,并对未来的研究方向进行了探讨。     

跨文化人力资源管理者胜任力集体灰色评价

随着我国企业跨国经营的蓬勃发展,跨文化人力资源管理对企业重新建构竞争优势的影响越来越显著。如何选派对应背景下最具胜任力的人力资源管理人员成为当前跨国企业面临的一个重要问题。基于目前国内外跨文化胜任力研究仍处在胜任力模型的建立而缺乏科学的胜任力评价体系,大多数研究对特定管理人员缺乏针对性的现状,文章提出并建立了跨文化人力资源管理者胜任力多属性集体灰色评价模型。包括跨文化人力资源管理者胜任指标体系的建立,以及与之对应的多属性集体灰色评价模型。     

企业安全职业胜任力的模型构建研究

通过对相关理论的综述,安全职业胜任力的定义和研究对象得到了明确。通过介绍人力资源管理中的胜任力理论,并将之引入安全职业胜任力的研究中。同时对安全职业胜任力模型的构建与检验手段进行了讨论,为不同行业构建自己的安全职业胜任力,提供了理论基础和新的方法。     

中层管理者胜任力模型的构建与评价

胜任力模型于20世纪90年代引入中国企业界.本文从中层管理者的自身特点出发,初步建立中层管理者胜任特征结构,并运用利克特五点量表测量评定各胜任力特征,对于成为优秀中层管理者的重要程度,借用因子分析法对胜任特征进行内在结构的分析,将模型简化为7个因子,共解释方差变异量的71.06%.本文还试图使用模糊综合评价法建立中层管理者胜任力的量化模型,对其进行定量的考核和评价,为企业更好地运用胜任力模型提供了相应的参考依据.     

基于胜任力视角的员工培训体系构建

胜任力理论为解决传统人力资源管理的不足提供了理论基础。到目前为止，基于胜任力的研究，以胜任力、胜任力模型、人力资源胜任力研究的论文较多，探讨胜任力模型构建与人力资源培训体系的构建的论文较少。为此，本文基于胜任力内涵，论述了胜任力与人力资源培训的关系。从胜任力模型构建入手，探讨基于胜任力的人力资源培训问题。     

基于胜任力的零售企业中高层管理人员薪酬设计

在对胜任力理论、薪酬理论以及基于胜任力的薪酬相关研究进行梳理的基础上,选取零售企业中高层管理人员为研究对象,探讨了胜任力与薪酬的联合方式,即零售企业中高层管理人员基于胜任力的薪酬模式的构建。从基于胜任力的宽带薪酬等级结构和基于胜任力的薪酬横向结构两个方面探讨了基于胜任力的薪酬模式的设计方法,并总结了基于胜任力的薪酬模式的构建程序：阐述了基于胜任力的宽带薪酬等级结构、基于胜任力的薪酬横向结构的设计过程,并对构建过程中应注意的问题以及基于胜任力的薪酬模式的适用性做了说明。     

民营企业高管人员胜任力建模实证研究

为揭示中国民营企业高层管理者的胜任特征,采用因子分析法对其胜任特征进行实证研究.研究认为,民营企业高管胜任力建设所面临的具体问题是人际管理能力、自我管理能力、综合职业技能.基于此,构建针对民企高管胜任力建设的胜任力模型,并提出了从选拔、培训及考核激励等方面出发的建设性策略.     

企业生命周期视角下家族企业家动态胜任力演化逻辑探究

家族企业家胜任力一直是促进家族企业成长和推动经济发展的重要变量。现有文献从概化视角出发，探究企业家胜任力内容结构，呈现出动态研究不足和应用效果欠佳的双重缺陷。基于企业生命周期角度，通过文献述评和实证分析，构建能够表征家族企业家胜任力静态和动态内容特征的结构体系。结果发现，在家族企业不同发展阶段，由能量流胜任力、物质流胜任力、信息流胜任力和个性胜任力4个维度表征下的家族企业家胜任力结构体系，其公因子权重和所包括内容均存在差异，能较好地揭示家族企业家动态胜任力演化逻辑，使得家族企业家间胜任力横向和纵向比较成为可能，从而提升应用实践性。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.