基于经济增长的最优所有制结构安排——中国所有制结构与经济增长关系的实证研究

1978年以来所有制结构的变化和非国有经济的发展推动了我国经济的高速发展,经济学界由此断定非国有经济具有比国有经济更高的效率.但国有经济是国家调控经济的重要工具,是经济增长的稳定器,因此,经济中存在着国有经济规模的最优值.1978～2006年的经验数据表明我国当前的最优国有企业规模占25.05%.国有经济从1978年的77.63%下降到2006年的31.24%,表明我国1978年以来经济转型过程实际上就是国有企业规模不断下降和所有制结构不断优化并接近最优值的过程,由此促进了经济的强劲增长.为进一步促进经济增长,必须优化经济发展环境,创造国有经济与非国有经济平等竞争的市场条件,减少对非国有经济的行政管制,发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用,以促进非国有经济的进一步发展.     

对“退出论”的质疑

国有经济体制的改革问题一直是我国经济理论界争论的热点问题。随着我国经济体制改革的逐步深入，国有经济的问题日益暴露出来，有些经济学家提出，国有经济与市场体制是天生不相容的，提出要想把国有经济搞好，就必须使国有经济全面地退出竞争性领域。本对这种“退出论”的观点提出了质疑。笔认为，国有经济应该而且也可以与市场经济相容，关键是选择正确的改革方向。本认为，我国国有经济的改革方向应该是完全的市场化，并且     

我国经济体制改革的地带性差异问题

地理学一贯重视的地带性差异同样可以用于讨论我国的经济体制改革.我国经济体制改革的模式是"体制外"的增量改革,即在改革之初绕开了计划经济体制内的国有经济和国有经济中错综复杂的矛盾而大力推进各种非国有经济成分的发展.在非国有经济成分得到比较充分的发展之后,特别是在获得了承受改革成本的能力之后才开始在1990年代的中期以后对国有经济进行改革.空间上的过程则是首先在"体制内负担小、体制外条件好"的东部沿海地带推进非国有经济的发展,使那里的经济迅速发展之后推动其他地带.这个模式获得成功的根本原因,一是非国有经济成分的发展选择了劳动密集型产业,因而提供了大量的新增就业和政府税收,二是体制外增量弥补了体制内的减量,即国有经济释放出来的大量失业.但是沿海地带成功的模式在其他地带的实践却并不顺利,沿海地带的发展在很多方面压抑着其他地带的改革和发展.文章分析了沿海地带对资源和就业岗位的垄断,提出其他地带不能一成不变地按沿海地带的模式进行改革,其他地带改革的内容和重点应该有所不同.     

资本市场发展与规范运行

资本市场发展与规范运行●刁永作以党的十五大为标志,中国的经济改革发生了新的变化,开始步入以产权改革为主的新阶段。中国的经济改革主要包括两个方面：一是发展非国有经济,另一个是改革国有经济本身。如果说在９０年代以前,中国的改革主要是非国有经济的“体制外”...     

中日养老金筹措及其可持续性分析

本文讨论了中日养老体制面临的挑战和改革。随着人口老龄化和长期经济低迷,日本不得不对其传统的现收现付制进行大幅度改革,以缓解养老金筹措困难和财务危机。中国自1980年代中期以来对其传统的养老体制进行了大刀阔斧的改革,但是,由于转轨成本和个人账户“空账”等问题尚未解决,中国养老体制的可持续性也面临着严重挑战。尽管在经济发展水平、养老体制成熟度和资本市场发育程度等方面,两国有着显著的差异,但是二者在养老金筹措上都面临着如何做大“蛋糕”和分配“蛋糕”的问题。     

论我国资本市场的发展与运行

时代的步伐即将跨入２１世纪，我国的经济改革开始步入以产权改革为主的新阶段，主要包括两个方面：一是发展非国有经济，一是改革国有经济本身。如果说在９０年代以前，中国的改革主要是非国有经济的体制外改革，那么进入９０年代以后，作为体制内的国有经济改革就成为经...     

近二十年国有经济角色定位衍变的历程、原因及影响——写在确立社会主义市场经济体制改革目标二十周年之际

1992年中共十四大提出"建立社会主义市场经济体制的目标模式"至今已有20年,国有经济角色定位历经了1993-2002年以"现代企业制度"为内涵的国有经济角色定位和2003年至今以"成立国资委"为契机的国有经济角色定位两个历史阶段,这一衍变缘于资源调配手段由计划向市场的转变、国有企业自身改革的深入与发展、非国有经济发展的积极效应等方面。这一过程对中国社会经济的发展产生了深刻的积极和消极的双重影响。     

经济转型中的投资行为与投资总量

针对我国投资和投资所有制结构的特殊现象。本文结合现代投资理论和经济转型的制度背景，建立了我国国有和非国有经济的投资行为模型。我们得出了投资方程的解析解并规范地解释非国有经济“投资不足”、国有经济“投资饥渴”、投资与产量双重萎缩以及低效投资等特殊宏观现象。本文的研究还有助于评价既往改革推进进程，理解我国国有经济的亏损现象，并对国有经济改革的产权导向观点提供了部分支持。     

论国有经济合理进退的标准

讨论国有经济的进退不能脱离我国经济转轨与建设社会主义市场经济体制这两个重要制度条件。在转轨时期,国有经济肩负执行宏观调控、保持社会稳定等特殊职能,其进退要与国际形势发展、本国政治经济条件及特定社会发展阶段相适应。随着社会主义市场经济体制的进一步完善,混合所有制将代替一股独大型国企而成为企业主要经济形式,各市场主体将在平等竞争中实现优胜劣汰,国有经济的合理进退应遵循效率标准,其比重将是动态变化的。社会主义的根本优势,体现在更合理地发挥政府与市场的适当作用,提升经济效率,实现社会公平。     

小企业产权改革与中国体制转轨新阶段——兼评《现实的选择—─国有小企业改革实践的初步总结》

小企业产权改革与中国体制转轨新阶段———兼评《现实的选择—国有小企业改革实践的初步总结》樊纲（中国经济改革研究基金会国民经济研究所）１９９２年，中国工业生产总值中非国有经济所占的比重第一次超过５０％；同年年底，中共十四届三中全会在关于深化经济改革的“...     

明晰产权与规范政府

2 0世纪 80年代以来的放权让利含有丰富的产权改革内涵。它既使财政从国有企业的融资活动中逐步淡出 ,也使财政不再为国有企业承担盈亏责任。但是 ,这种改革未能实现国有企业的产权明晰化 ,因为它局限于国有企业制度中的经济性层面 ,没有触及国有企业制度中的行政性层面。这是行政权利益左右中国改革走向的结果。要进一步深化改革 ,必须约束行政权力 ,规范政府行为 ,必须改革国有企业制度中的行政性层面。不然 ,明晰产权就是一句空话     

可持续发展背景下中国资源型城市的双重结构转型

在我国可持续发展的战略背景下,资源型城市经历了由资源型部门向非资源型部门、由国有部门向非国有部门的双重结构转型过程。以全国24个省份的110个资源型城市作为样本,实证分析了双重结构转型与我国资源型城市经济发展的关系,得出长期过程中国有部门和资源型部门占比呈现先上升后下降的倒“U”型趋势的结论,并分析了金融抑制和市场垄断程度这两种外部约束因素对双重转型过程的影响。研究发现,金融抑制主要通过间接效应扭曲了资源配置,进而影响了体制转型的过程,减缓了国有经济占比下降的速度;而资源型城市的市场垄断性越强,其发展转型就越难以进行。根据以上结论为我国资源型城市的结构转型和可持续发展提出了政策建议。     

From central planning towards a market economy: The role of ownership and competition in Vietnamese firms’ productivity

This paper examines the role of ownership and market competition in Vietnamese firms’ total factor productivity (TFP) from 2001 to 2011. Making use of a large panel dataset of manufacturing firms, we find that, on average, both foreign-owned enterprises (FOEs) and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have performed better than privately owned enterprises (POEs) in terms of their TFP levels. However, while FOEs’ TFP ranked the highest in the period 2001–2006, SOEs “closed the gap” in the period 2007–2011. Moreover, we find that market competition has been effective in enhancing average firm productivity and in reducing the gaps in efficiency across ownership types. SOEs’ remarkable performance may be linked to several concurrent factors experienced during the period 2001–2011, namely, the process of restructuring the state sector during the 2000s, the increased economic integration due to the country's accession to the World Trade Organization (2007) and, finally, the preferential access to financial capital and land granted to SOEs. While some evidence supports SOEs’ equitization as an explanation for their remarkable productivity performance, WTO accession and cheaper access to inputs do not fully explain it.     

The Coevolution of Finance and Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies

The transition from communism to capitalism was necessarily accompanied by a sudden and abrupt increase in the financialization of society. This increase occurred in an environment that, even now, still has little experience with or expertise in financialization. Given that financialization occurred simultaneously with the growth and evolution of other political and economic institutions, the question arises: What was the effect on these other nascent institutions like property rights? This article empirically analyzes the relationship between financialization and property rights in transition countries. Using a unique monthly database of twenty transition countries over a period from 1989 to 2012, this article finds that the influence of financialization depends on which definition of “financialization” is used. In particular, increases in basic financial intermediation improved property rights. However, higher-order “financialization,” proxied here by the size of capital markets and the wages in the financial sector, appeared to have a negative impact on the development of broad-based property rights in transition.     

国有单位工资结构及其就业规模变化的收入分配效应:1988—2007

本文使用1988年、1995年、2002年、2007年CHIP城镇入户调查数据考察国有单位工资结构及其就业规模变化的收入分配效应。为此,本文采用了分位数回归方法、以多重分位数回归为基础的Machado&Mata(2005)反事实分解方法及作者扩展了的方法。各结果表明:国有企业就业份额大幅度下降导致中国城镇工资收入差距显著下降;然而国有企业减员增效改革完成以后,国有企业工资高于非国有企业的幅度及其不合理部分大幅度上升,其结果是城镇工资收入差距扩大。     

Foreign direct investment and economic growth: Is more financial development better?

We investigate the extent to which an increase in financial development affects the positive effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Although the financial sector is beneficial for economic growth, the effect of further financial development on growth is found to become insignificant. Using a dynamic panel threshold model on 62 middle- and high-income countries spanning the period 1987–2016, we re-examine the possible nonlinearity between finance, foreign direct investment, and growth. Consistent with the “vanishing effect” of financial development, we find significant evidence that foreign direct investment fosters growth in general, but the growth effect of foreign direct investment becomes negligible when the ratio of private sector credit to gross domestic product exceeds 95.6%. This finding is robust to different econometric methods, various subsamples and interaction analyses, and distinct financial development indicators.     

中国国有企业改革：经验、困境与出路*

作为国有企业产权改革主要模式，“混合所有制”改革是否有助于确保国有资产保值增值，是否有助于推动中国经济可持续发展等问题仍存在探讨空间。本文基于对于改革开放以来中国国有企业改革的成就和教训的考察，指出“混合所有制”可以作为竞争性部门国有企业改革的一个过渡形式；对于垄断央企的改革应该充分借鉴国际上自然垄断行业的改革经验，打破行政垄断，推动竞争性框架建立，并切实实现从“管企业”逐步调整为“管资本”，通过改革实现国有资产的保值增值，并为经济创造新的增长点。     

The impact of privatization on efficiency and profitability

Over the past three decades, China has undergone tremendous economic and social change as a consequence of the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. This paper examines a key feature of this transition – the privatization of the state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) – through both a theoretical model and empirical analysis. Using newly collected primary data from a variety of sources, we study how privatization of listed SOEs affects employment, wages, profits and other aspects of economic performance at the firm level. Our major finding is that privatization results in substantial downsizing of employment, increased labour productivity and rising profitability.     

The transition to a globalized economy: Poverty,human capital and the informal sector in a structuralist CGE model

Recent econometric evidence suggests that trade liberalization has an elusive relationship to growth and income distribution. This paper provides an explanation for these results via numerical simulations of a dynamic structuralist CGE. The conclusion is that if families become too poor to finance human capital accumulation, or the state too stingy to supply it at a reasonable cost, exports of skill-intensive goods can become uncompetitive and the transition to openness may involve increasing poverty, unemployment and stagnation. The model design incorporates an informal sector as well as accumulation of human capital. The paper simulates two trajectories, a “green” path in which per capita income grows steadily with a rapid rate of human capital accumulation and a reduction in the level of economic informality. A second, or “red” path is also possible, however, with a growth rate that is much lower, an expanding informal sector and an inadequate rate of human capital formation.     

External debt and economic reform: does a pain reliever delay the necessary treatment?

Recent literature argues that conflict in shifting adjustment costs between different socioeconomic groups delays necessary reforms and finds that such reforms often follow economic crises. This paper expands these models by including external borrowing by the private sector and shows that this may lead to a further delay in economic reform. Empirical evidence based on a large panel of developing and emerging economies supports this argument and shows that the result is slower economic growth. External financing sometimes acts like a “pain reliever”, postponing the much needed “treatment” of a “sick” economy by reform.