农村居民养老保险财政补贴与农民家庭消费异质性——基于CHARLS数据的研究

基于2011年和2013年两期CHARLS数据构建面板数据模型，分析农村居民养老保险制度中央财政“一刀切”的基础养老金补贴政策与地方财政差异化的缴费补贴政策对农民家庭消费的异质性影响。结果显示：财政补贴有利于整体促进参保农民家庭消费支出，尤其对已领取养老金的家庭，消费增进效应更明显；对于未领取养老金的参保农民家庭，却具有抑制效应。从不同收入阶层和不同地区来看，农村居民养老保险财政补贴对低、中、高收入阶层农民家庭消费的影响依次减弱，对东部、西部、中部地区农民家庭消费的影响依次增强。因此，加大财政补贴力度、优化补贴方式、扩展筹资渠道、强化制度联动能更好地发挥财政补贴改善社会福利的作用。     

Understanding the Distributional Impact of Long‐Run Inflation

The impact of fully anticipated inflation is systematically studied in heterogeneous agent economies with an endogenous labor supply and portfolio choices. In stationary equilibrium, inflation nonlinearly alters the endogenous distributions of income, wealth, and consumption. Small departures from zero inflation have the strongest impact. Three features determine how inflation impacts distributions and welfare: financial structure, shock persistence, and labor supply elasticity. When agents can self‐insure only with money, inflation reduces wealth inequality but may raise consumption inequality. Otherwise, inflation reduces consumption inequality but may raise wealth inequality. Given persistent shocks and an inelastic labor supply, inflation may raise average welfare. The results hold when the model is extended to account for capital formation.     

On International Consumption Risk Sharing,Financial Integration and Financial Development

This article investigates the empirical link between international consumption risk sharing, financial integration, and financial development for a group of twenty-nine developed and developing countries in the G7, the Euro area, and the OECD. Estimation results indicate that (1) risk sharing in the Euro area is higher than those in the G-7 and the OECD, and (2) a higher degree of risk sharing is associated with a greater degree of financial integration and a lower level of financial development. These results suggest that more financially integrated countries might be better able to insure themselves against idiosyncratic income shocks and countries with more developed financial markets might tend to engage in less consumption risk sharing with other countries thanks to their own sophisticated financial markets. Holding financial integration and financial development equal, countries in the Euro area engage in significantly more risk sharing than the ones in the G7 and the OECD.     

宏观调控、市场收益与理财消费——来自我国银行理财产品市场的经验证据

考察2009～2011年我国银行理财消费市场发展的现状并利用经验数据对影响其发展的主要原因进行了实证分析,研究表明:我国银行理财消费规模与股票市场收益率不存在显著关系,但居民可支配收入、物价水平都对银行理财市场的发展发挥了重要作用。此外,我国银行理财消费市场的发展还受到国家宏观经济政策的影响,尤其是当提高存款准备金率导致银行资金面紧张时,商业银行则通过提高收益率来刺激人们的理财消费需求。     

数字普惠金融与制造业升级：影响机制与经验证据

基于2011-2020年省级面板数据,采用系统GMM方法和中介效应模型,考察数字普惠金融对制造业升级的影响,同时检验技术创新、人力资本和消费升级在数字普惠金融影响制造业升级过程中的传导作用机制。结果表明：数字普惠金融的发展能够显著促进制造业升级;技术创新、人力资本和消费升级具有一定的传导作用,但均表现为遮掩效应。鉴于此,要进一步完善数字普惠金融体系、技术创新服务机制、培养高层次产业人才、刺激消费等,发挥数字普惠金融对制造业升级的促进作用。     

关于促进大众消费的思考

在我国连续几年实行积极财政政策，国民经济保持较高发展速度的情况下，消费市场并没有得到非常大的改善，其中很大的原因是收入分配不合理。消费需求的最主要部分是大众消费，只有提高大众消费水平，才能促进整个消费市场的繁荣。要保持经济发展的高速度，必须利用财税手段调节分配，扩大有货币购买力的大众消费需求。     

Financial sophistication and the distribution of the welfare cost of inflation

The welfare cost of anticipated inflation is quantified in a calibrated model of the U.S. economy that exhibits tractable equilibrium dispersion in wealth and earnings. Inflation does not generate large losses in societal welfare, yet its impact varies noticeably across segments of society depending also on the financial sophistication of the economy. If money is the only asset, then inflation mostly hurts the wealthier and more productive agents, while those poorer and less productive may even benefit from inflation. The converse holds in a more sophisticated financial environment where agents can insure against consumption risk with assets other than money.     

金融中介效率对货币政策效果的影响——基于动态随机一般均衡模型的研究

本文运用新凯恩斯框架下的DSGE模型研究金融中介效率对货币政策效果的影响,研究结果表明:(1)无论是利率规则还是数量规则,金融中介效率的提高都会弱化货币政策对产出、消费和通货膨胀的影响;(2)在利率规则下,金融中介效率提高还会平滑劳动的波动,并最终减少社会福利损失,而在数量规则下,金融中介效率提高会放大货币政策冲击造成的劳动的波动,并最终放大社会福利损失。因此,货币政策的中介目标应当由货币供应量向利率转变。     

中国经常账户失衡问题研究——基于金融发展程度-消费-经常账户路径

本文沿着金融发展程度-消费-经常账户失衡的路径对中国经常账户失衡问题进行了理论和实证分析。理论分析结果表明,一国的经常账户余额/GDP受消费率的影响,而一国的消费率又受一国金融发展程度的影响。在此基础上,本文运用联立方程的方法对我国金融发展程度、消费、经常账户失衡三者的动态关系进行了实证分析。实证分析的结果表明,中国经常账户的失衡受消费率显著负向影响,而消费率受金融发展程度的显著影响。在对金融发展程度变量的处理上,本文选取了代表金融发展的10个指标,对这些金融发展代理变量进行主成分分析,通过提取它们的第一主成分、第二主成分来获得一个金融发展的综合变量,从而避免某单一变量或几个变量代表性不足的问题。最后,文章提出了相关建议。     

从保险消费观视角分析我国保险业的发展

对正确保险消费观的研究,不仅对我国保险消费者的消费行为具有重要的指导意义,而且对于完善我国保险市场,实现我国保险业的科学发展亦有十分重要的作用。正确保险消费观,是以风险转移为先,以购买经济保障为本,以互助共济为己任,以最大诚信为最高准则,以保险作为生存必须品,以可持续消费为目标的保险消费理念体系。保险保障形式是整个保障体系中最普遍、最经常、最基础和最重要的防灾救灾形式,它和社会保障共同处于整个防灾救灾体系的基础地位。     

债务杠杆、财务脆弱性与家庭异质性消费行为

本文通过引入财务脆弱性来描述家庭无法及时或完全履行偿债义务而发生的财务困境,实证分析了债务杠杆对家庭消费的异质性影响。理论机制分析和基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据的实证研究表明,家庭债务杠杆会提升财务脆弱性,从而弱化跨期消费平滑能力,强化消费预算约束,导致家庭落入“高边际消费倾向、低消费支出水平”的低层次消费路径上。进一步分析发现,对于通过负债投资多套房的家庭而言,高债务杠杆会明显增加不确定冲击下的财务脆弱性,进而对消费产生更大的抑制效应;亲友民间借贷的履约机制相对灵活,可以缓解财务脆弱性对家庭消费的抑制效应;债务杠杆上升引致的财务脆弱性,对耐用消费品支出的压缩效应大于非耐用消费品,对农村家庭消费支出的挤占效应大于城镇家庭。本文的研究为我国“不宜依赖消费金融扩大消费”“规范发展消费信贷”等提供了理论解释,对金融服务促进消费发展具有一定政策启示。     

What measure of inflation should a developing country central bank target?

In closed or open economy models with complete markets, targeting core inflation enables monetary policy to maximize welfare by replicating the flexible price equilibrium. We analyze this result in the context of developing economies, where a large proportion of households are credit constrained and the share of food expenditures in total consumption expenditures is high. We develop an open economy model with incomplete financial markets to show that headline inflation targeting improves welfare outcomes. We also compute the optimal price index, which includes a positive weight on food prices but, unlike headline inflation, assigns zero weight to import prices.     

Old-Age Social Insurance and Household Consumption: Evidence from China

Improving social welfare and stimulating consumption are two important issues in promoting economic growth. Based on the panel data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011 and 2013, this article precisely calculated the Social Security Wealth of employees and residents. The fixed-effect model and quantile regression method were employed. Besides, this study used the interaction of year dummy and age dummy as an instrumental variable. The results from this study indicate that Social Security Wealth can promote the total household consumption as well as improve the household consumption structure. However, the impact varies in both employees and residents’ groups.     

斯里兰卡社会福利探析

摘要：尚属发展中国家的斯里兰卡向民众提供了项目丰富的社会福利,降低了民众的生存风险,同时也为经济发展提供了优质的人力资源。普选、福利刚性、宗教和意识形态等都是深刻地影响着斯里兰卡的社会福利。囿于经济发展水平和政府财力,斯里兰卡的社会福利供给方面也存在某些不足。在今后转变经济增长方式的过程中,斯里兰卡应该更加重视社会福利建设,实现社会福利和经济发展的良性互动。     

普惠金融究竟如何影响居民生活?——来自我国省际层面的经验证据

我国社会的主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的对美好生活的需要和不平衡、不充分的发展之间的矛盾。普惠金融是解决地区发展不平衡、城乡发展不平衡的有力举措。当前,普惠金融研究聚焦在银行业与居民收入,未将非银金融业与居民消费纳入考虑;此外,将普惠金融指标的波动性作为权重来构建普惠金融指数,也缺乏经济学含义。本文首次根据各省份五项金融业全口径普惠发展指标,基于经济的相关性设定指标权重,采用加权几何平均法构建省际普惠金融综合指数,从收入和消费双重视角实证研究普惠金融对居民生活的异质性影响。研究结果表明,普惠金融对各地区居民的收入和消费以及边际消费倾向等均有正向刺激作用,且刺激作用的大小与居民的收入和消费水平成正比,因而,普惠金融对城镇居民收入和消费以及边际消费倾向等的刺激作用大于农村居民。鉴此,本文提出普惠金融的发展重心应向欠发达地区、农村地区倾斜的政策建议。     

Synamic banking: a reconsideration

Financially intermediated and stock market consumption-investmentallocations, with and without governmental interventions, arecompared in a welfare sense in overlapping generation economieswith (and without) shocks to agents' intertemporal preferences.We first show that, in economies with preference shocks, governmentalinterventions subject to the same information requirements asthose imposed on financial intermediaries, lead to stock marketallocations that are not inferior to those attained under financialintermediation. Second, we argue that the necessary interventionsare qualitatively no different from those required to implementstationary optimal allocations in OLG models without shocksto agents' intertemporal consumption preferences.     

金融素养与家庭储蓄率——基于理财规划与借贷约束的解释

金融科技的发展使得人们参与金融市场的门槛与成本迅速降低,金融产品也不断丰富,金融市场参与者的异质性增加,金融素养对家庭金融决策的影响越来越明显。本文研究发现:(1)家庭在安排储蓄与消费时,金融素养有显著影响,金融素养与家庭储蓄率呈倒U型关系。(2)理财规划和借贷约束是影响家庭储蓄率上升的两个渠道。(3)金融素养由低逐渐升高时,家庭的理财规划意识增强,通过提高储蓄率来保障资金充足。当金融素养增加到一定程度,理财规划意识优化资产配置的作用增强,抑制消费的作用减弱,同时借贷约束缓解会帮助家庭增加消费。本文的发现有助于厘清家庭储蓄率差异的成因,对提升居民福利,增强金融教育政策的针对性,有积极意义。     

Welfare Policies, Labour Taxation and International Integration

How will international integration affect welfare policies? This paper considers the possibilities of financing public sector activities (public consumption and social security expenses) by general (wage) taxation in an economy which becomes more integrated in international product markets. Even if labour is internationally immobile, the increased mobility of products and hence jobs implies a change in the distortions arising from taxes and social security contributions levied on labour income. Since financing of social security via general taxation involves a common resource problem the effects of international integration depend critically on the institutional structure of the labour market. This paper shows that increased international integration inducing more product market competition implies that it becomes more costly to maintain welfare systems financed by general taxation.     

中国养老保险支出对消费的乘数效应研究——以城镇居民面板数据为例

在国际金融危机背景下,拉动国内消费需求在我国的经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用,然而这需要强有力的社会保障体系作为支撑。本文利用经典的消费函数模型并予以创新,运用全国各地区2000-2007年的面板数据,实证分析了我国社会保障支出对居民消费的影响。研究发现,社会保障方面的投入会对消费水平有着较大的乘数效应。因此,可以通过增加对社会保障的投入,稳定居民对于未来的安全预期,从而扩大消费需求,实现向内需驱动型的经济增长模式转变。我国将五项社会保险纳入2010年财政预算可以视为转变经济增长方式的一个好势头。     

货币政策纳入资产价格目标后能更好地调控经济波动吗——基于金融结构视角的分析

本文通过构建包含金融结构的NK-DSGE模型,分析在不同的金融结构下,包含金融资产价格稳定目标的扩展型货币政策能否更加有效地熨平经济波动.研究表明:(1)相比传统货币政策,包含金融资产价格稳定目标的货币政策不仅能更好地熨平宏观经济波动、缩短波动持续期,还能提升社会福利;(2)在扩展型货币政策框架下,央行需结合不同类型冲击下金融结构与宏观调控变量波动的异质相关性,依据金融结构市场化进程,灵活调整其对各个变量的调控力度;(3)在扩展型货币政策框架下,当经济体系面临非持续性技术冲击、投资边际效率冲击或金融冲击时,金融结构市场化程度越高,社会福利增进效果越好.本文的研究为宏观经济调控政策特别是货币政策决策提供了有益启示,或可为新时期增强宏观经济调控效果、构建兼顾金融稳定和经济稳定的平衡发展路径提供新思路和新抓手.