机会主义和制度安排:民办高等教育可持续发展路径探析

实现可持续发展是民办高等教育的最终目标。但是,由于现有制度供给不足以及制度约束力偏低等问题的存在,导致民办高等教育领域存在诸多机会主义行为,从而影响了民办高等教育可持续发展目标的实现。为实现民办高等教育的可持续发展,从制度层面要做好以下两方面的工作:(1)完善民办高等教育的制度体系(2)增强相关制度的约束力。     

大股东-管理者合谋与监督效率——基于中国上市公司的经验证据

本文利用中国上市公司2003～2005年的面板数据对这一问题进行了检验。实证研究发现:上市公司管理者的机会主义行为与大股东的资金侵占行为显著相关,大股东对上市公司的资金侵占程度越高,上市公司管理者的机会主义行为越严重。这表明大股东与管理者的合谋行为会弱化大股东对公司管理者的监督效率。     

审计机关机构设置与审计质量:基于分权制衡理论视角的分析

政府审计机关履行审计职能的权力可分解为审计立项权、审计取证权、审计报告权及处理处罚权等。然而受制于审计机关内部机构设置的现状,当前多种审计权力的行使主要集中于业务部门。由于分权制衡的有效性不足,机会主义行为很有可能发生,审计机关内部机构设置方式已成为当前影响政府审计质量的关键性因素。因此,通过机构改革与创新,形成审计权力的相对分离与制约机制,增加审计透明度和审计权力监督效果,减少审计合谋与过滤行为,对保障审计质量具有十分重要的现实意义。     

公共危机与地方财政运行机制的重构——基于财政机会主义的视角

近年来,我国频繁发生大型公共危机,严重影响了民众的生命财产安全与社会经济的可持续发展。我国公共危机防治的困境在一定程度上导源于地方财政的机会主义行为,而我国政府间激励约束机制不合理和财政管理体制不健全则是地方财政机会主义普遍存在的重要根源。从现实来看,地方财政机会主义的普遍存在不仅导致了公共危机的形成,而且加大了公共危机的治理难度,放大了其对社会经济运行的负面影响。为此,我国需要重构地方财政运行机制,建立有效的激励约束机制,合理界分政府间公共危机的防治责任,为地方政府配置有效的财力,并建立完善的地方财政监督机制。     

Cartel success and institutions. The Finnish Cotton Cartel, 1903–1939

This article uses institutional theory to interpret collusive behaviour in the pre-World War II cotton cartel in Finland. The findings do not support the optimistic view of the institutionalists about the efficiency of economic institutions in boosting cooperation. Only one (the conciliation mechanism) of the four institutions identified in the cotton cartel could check opportunism to a certain degree, although it too lacked effective enforcement characteristics. This article argues that, in cartels, the motivation to follow institutions is fundamentally different from other environments, particularly trade. Besides institutions, organisational solutions, such as a sales agency that removes individual firms' discretion over pricing decisions, are needed to enhance cartel stability.     

政府审计对预算违规的作用：抑制还是诱导？——基于中央部门预算执行审计数据的实证研究

预算执行审计本来是抑制预算机会主义行为的一种制度安排,如果制度安排不当,则可能诱导预算机会主义行为。理论分析表明,政府审计对于公共部门预算违规究竟发挥抑制作用还是诱导,是由预算违规的审计发现率、审计处理率和审计处罚率共同决定的,审计处罚率是关键变量,预算单位是否违规是根据政府审计机关的审计发现率、审计处理率和审计处罚率来做出策略性选择。根据中央部门预算执行审计的数据分析表明,预算执行审计不是抑制了预算违规,而是诱导了预算违规,产生这个结果的主要原因是审计处罚没有力度。     

An Empirical Investigation of Bilateral Investments and Opportunism in Buyer-Supplier Relationships

Collaboration between buyers and their suppliers often requires both parties to dedicate specialized investments to the relationship. These bilateral idiosyncratic investments serve as mutual hostages and signal commitment to the relationship, yet they are susceptible to expropriation. Drawing on research in social psychology and transaction cost economics, we argue that the nature of the bilateral idiosyncratic investments influences perceptions of a supplier's opportunism that in turn influences retailer opportunism and relationship outcomes. Data collected from 120 Norwegian managers of consumer electronics retail stores provide an assessment of the proposed model. The results indicate that the total and asymmetrical nature of the bilateral idiosyncratic investments influence perceptions of supplier opportunism and these perceptions, in turn, influence the retailer's opportunism and commitment to the relationship. Implications of these findings and future research are discussed.     

The Use of Accommodation in Buyer–Seller Relationships: Encouraging or Controlling Opportunism in Business Markets Middle-grounds

ABSTRACT

Purpose: In the past decades, marketing researchers have explored different strategies to control opportunism in buyer–seller relationships. Accommodation, the cooperative response to partners’ exploitive behavior in exchange relationships, has received increasing attention from research on interfirm relationships. However, less is known about whether accommodation is an effective response strategy for controlling opportunism. Drawing on the self-enforcing agreement literature, this article focuses on exploring (1) what drives a firm’s accommodation response to its partner’s exploitive behavior, (2) how a firm’s accommodation helps govern its exchange partner’s opportunistic behavior, and (3) whether monitoring magnifies or buffers the effect of accommodation on the exchange partners’ opportunism.

Methodology: The survey data were collected from 173 seller-firms in Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan, and Zhengzhou, representing the south, east, north, and middle regions of China. The initial questionnaires were distributed mainly by mail. By assessing the nonresponse bias and the potential bias of early and late responses, we detected no significant differences, implying that the aforementioned biases are not a concern. Because PLS can readily model both formative and reflective constructs, and accommodation is a formative construct, we deployed the SmartPLS software program to test our model.

Findings: This article enables a deeper understanding of accommodation as a response strategy in buyer–seller relationships. The data analysis offers supportive evidence that a firm’s level of accommodation is positively related to two exchange attributes: joint-specific investments and observability of the exchanges. Accommodation, as a cooperative response strategy, curtails opportunism in buyer–seller relationships, and such a curtailing role is magnified when accompanied with monitoring.

Originality/value/contribution: The authors develop a framework to examine previously untested relationships, which suggest accommodation is a cooperative response strategy to mitigate opportunism. We also contribute by exploring the antecedents of accommodation from the tangible transaction attributes perspective. Specifically, two exchange attributes, joint-specific investments and observability, can explain the emergence of accommodation. In addition, we examine the combined effect of competitive response strategies and cooperative response strategies on controlling partner opportunism. That is, competitive response strategies (i.e., monitoring) strengthen the governing effect of cooperative response strategies (i.e., accommodation).     

国外组织信任研究及其启示

本文分析了国外组织信任研究活跃的背景，指出由于人力资源作用的日益突显，组织信任的模式发生演变，组织间的相互依赖性增强，因此有关信任的分析研究有助于人力资源的开发和管理。文章概括了不同研究视角对信任内涵的界定、信任生成的阐述和组织环境里的信任所带来的直接效应和间接效应。同时指出了现有研究存在的一些局限以及给予我们的组织管理和市场经济建设的启示。     

中国企业最大的战略失误:机会至上

在中国经济由计划经济向市场经济转型的过程中的大量的机会面前,市场给予了企业巨大的增长空间.这些机会为许许多多抓住和创造它们的企业带来了财富,同时也培育了中国企业内在的机会主义本质,并造成了中国企业战略最大的失误.当前日益激烈的竞争环境下,迷茫的中国企业需要重新寻找战略方向,回归培育核心竞争力之根本.