论药品广告机会主义

机会主义是指利用现行制度下一切可能的机会，甚至不惜损害他人或公共利益以谋求自身利益的最大化。当前，我国药品广告行业的相关制度还未完善，药品广告市场秩序较为混乱，机会主义乘机兴风作浪，大量违法药品广告肆无忌惮的粉墨登场，严重影响了人民群众的身体健康和生命安全。     

机会主义、土地产权、合法权威与农村“界畔纠纷”——制度经济学与法律社会学视角的精练解释

在我国城市化推进过程中,土地征用所致的农村土地价值显性化激发了农民的机会主义行为倾向,而农村土地承包权划分不清和农村“合法权威”的缺位则使得农村土地产权制度难以有效约束农民的机会主义行为.在机会主义行为盛行之下,村民间为争夺土地附加价值而产生的“界畔纠纷”有其必然性.应继续做好农村土地的确权工作,建立划分明确、易于执行的农村土地产权制度;并通过建立惩罚和约束农民机会主义行为的法律法规、树立政府管理部门的廉政形象以及提高农村居民的法律文化素质,将农村土地产权制度规则在农民内心进行内化,实现法律秩序的经验效力,树立农村社会“权威”,才能有效控制当前我国农村的“界畔纠纷”.     

中国地方政府投融资平台风险及其防范

地方投融资平台的建立和发展是财政机会主义在我国制度背景下的特殊表现,并存在双向羊群效应,这使得中国地方投融资平台在短期内迅速积聚巨大风险,并可能从不同路径传导至中央政府和宏观经济运行层面。为防范这一风险,除应多管齐下克服双向羊群效应,迅速遏制地方政府利用投融资平台的过度融资冲动之外,也应建立克服地方政府财政机会主义的长效机制。     

An evolutionary perspective of opportunism in high-technology alliance: the evidence from South Korean companies

Adopting an evolutionary perspective, we introduce an alternative approach to the opportunism in strategic alliance where the accumulated risks during alliance operation lead to opportunism in alliance. To examine this process, a total of 358 employees from South Korean firms in the high technology sector completed a survey on opportunism in strategic alliance, measuring each firm's perceived risks on the relational and operational issues in alliance and their antecedents and outcomes. Key results show that perceived risks on the relationship between alliance partners cause a passive type of opportunism, whereas perceived risks both on the relationship between alliance partners and on the achievement of alliance objectives cause an active type of opportunism. Specifically, cultural difference showed the largest influence on relational risks, whereas issues in equity involvement showed the largest influence on performance risk. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications on the opportunism management in strategic alliance are discussed.     

Five Configurations of Opportunism in International Market Entry

We investigate the conditions under which opportunism occurs in international market entry. Examining 133 entries into new markets by 38 Chinese exporters, we uncover instances of opportunistic behaviour on the part of importers. We study five variables affecting such behaviour: managerial experience, market entry share; market distance, young age, and network size. While we find no single variable on its own associated with opportunism, we do find that in concert they form five configurations of opportunism. In one configuration, even older firms with experienced managers and a large network are subject to partners behaving opportunistically when they are entering a distant market. We conclude that simplistic predictions based on the presence of a single antecedent should make way for a configurational approach whereby a set of conditions must be in place for opportunism to materialize.     

The Effect of Dissolution Intention on Buyer–Seller Relationships

While relationships dissolve for a variety of reasons, many dissolve due to issues with the relationship itself. However, much of the research in marketing focuses on the bright side of relationships and neglects its dark side. In this article we focus on one aspect of the dark side—the effects of the intent of a party to exit from a relationship. Research on dissolution has primarily examined it as an outcome variable. Thus, the question of how dissolution intent, once formed, affects subsequent behavior has not been given much attention. We investigate the consequences of dissolution intention, such as increasing opportunism and decreasing cooperation and the mediating effects of transaction-specific investments. The model is tested using a sample survey of newspaper agents in Korea. Results indicate that dissolution intention increases opportunism and negatively affects cooperation. Transaction-specific investments diminish the effect of dissolution intention on opportunism and cooperation.     

Religion, Opportunism, and International Market Entry Via Non-Equity Alliances or Joint Ventures

One challenge that globalization has brought to business is that firms, as they expand their market globally through cross-border alliances, need to deal with partner firms from countries of different religious background. The impact of a country’s dominant religion on its firms’ international market entry mode choices has not been examined in traditional approaches. Focusing on hypothesizing the influence of Christian beliefs and atheism (i.e., the absence of belief in any deities), this research aims to fill the gap by exploring religion’s role in providing moral restraint on managers’ propensity for opportunism, which in turn affects these managers’ choices of their firms’ international market entry via non-equity alliances or joint ventures. A study of 22,156 cross-border alliances formed in 48 industries world-wide over 9 years provides new insight toward understanding religion’s influence on firms’ international market entry mode decisions through the ethical dimension of strategic leadership. This article would fit best under the International Management section for reviewing purposes.     

我国上市公司股权激励中的机会主义问题研究

股权激励的制度安排是为了解决委托代理关系产生的利益矛盾,将管理层与股东利益一致起来。同时,股权激励也可能导致管理层的机会主义行为,即通过盈余管理、股利政策、投融资决策等影响业绩和股价,使之向对自己有利的方向发展。强化内外监督和约束、防范股权激励的负面影响,是推进股权激励制度建设中不可或缺的重要环节,具体包括:一是优化公司治理结构;二是提升我国证券市场的有效性;三是培育经理人市场。股权激励这种上市公司内部的制度安排需要外部的一系列制度安排来配套才能有效地发挥作用。外部配套的制度安排会通过影响管理层的预期来影响管理层的行为选择,从而较好地降低和防止管理层的机会主义行为。     

财政分权的中国模式与OECD模式——分税制是财政集权吗

本文在完整的财政分权内涵上比较分析了1995—2009年中国与OECD国家的财政分权情况,结果发现,不管是收入还是支出,中国中央与地方政府的财政分权程度都远远高于发达国家,呈现出中国政治集权下的财政分权和OECD政治分权下的财政集权两种模式。中国的财政支出分权程度与经济增长和财政均等化存在显著的正向相关关系,而这在OECD国家是不显著的。在中国的财政分权结构中,结构偏向的经济性支出成为地方政府财政支出重点和经济增长的重要推动力量;扩张的预算外支出成为增加财政收入的重要途径。所谓“事权与财权匹配”问题的实质是公共职责不清晰和预算软约束的地方政府收支扩张的财政机会主义倾向。财政分权改革的后续深化方向是在明确规范化地方政府公共职责和硬化预算约束的基础上适度财政集权化。