Incumbents as disruptor and their disruptive behaviour enabling disruptive innovation: case study of high performance and low cost CPU and foundry market

ABSTRACT

The ability and role of incumbents to enable and sustain disruptive innovation is underestimated so far, compared with new entrants. Thus, this research aimed to observe incumbents’ role as a disruptor and their disruptive behaviours to enable disruptive innovation in different market segments. Based on two case studies of CPU and foundry markets, it was observed that incumbents enabled disruptive innovation by adjusting disruptive window in the context of performance trajectories and discontinuous time, and they sustained their market leadership by having advantages through continuous cost reduction and accumulated technological knowledge in high performance and low cost market. This study has extended the theory of disruptive innovation by including incumbents’ role and their disruptive behaviours and has practical implications as well for incumbents and new entrants to establish competitive technology strategy at the organisation as well as national level.     

海外情境下本土后发企业颠覆性创新演化路径研究——价值创新视角

近年来，我国后发企业在海外市场面临着政策限制、市场挤压和技术竞争等挑战。颠覆性创新作为管理实践中重要的创新理论与分析工具，价值创新为进一步探索颠覆性创新技术演化与市场侵入提供了新的着眼点，从而为海外情境下后发企业突围提供了重要理论支持。基于颠覆性创新和价值创新相关理论研究，采用扎根理论并借助NVivo12对一加手机案例进行自下而上编码，归纳其演化路径。结果发现：本土后发企业在海外市场的颠覆性创新演化模型主要由4个主范畴构成，其中异质性需求定位是颠覆性创新价值主张的前提，用户中心化技术创新是价值创造的源泉，融入文化的商业化创新是价值传递的手段，市场侵蚀是价值实现的终端。结论可拓展颠覆性创新理论情境，对本土后发企业开拓海外市场具有实践价值。     

颠覆性创新四阶段扩散过程模型

基于颠覆性创新、创新扩散、创新模糊前端等相关理论，从全流程角度创新性地构建了颠覆性创新四阶段扩散过程模型，包括颠覆性创意产生、颠覆性创新产品开发、侵蚀非主流市场、占据主流市场4个阶段，各阶段之间相互关联、循环往复，并受到技术、市场、政策、竞争等外部环境因素影响。选取液晶电视机和山寨手机作为高端和低端两个颠覆性创新典型案例，通过对其进行验证性分析，构建具体的高端与低端颠覆性创新四阶段扩散过程模型。     

面向不同目标市场的破坏性创新与测度：企业认知视角

现有破坏性创新分类主要聚焦于新产品或新服务在价值提供方式以及它们对现有市场侵蚀方式方面的差异,忽略了侵蚀的目标市场性质差异及其可能对企业产生的影响,而在创新实践中企业对于创新变革的认知判断往往影响其战略决策。因此,基于企业认知视角,将破坏性创新分为面向全新市场、面向竞争对手市场以及面向自我市场3种类型,并基于Govindarajan&Kopalle等的测量研究及相关理论分析,结合中国本土制造企业的实际访谈,设计了3种破坏性创新测量量表,最后,以中国制造企业为调查对象进行实证检验。结果发现,包含面向全新市场、竞争对手市场和自我市场的破坏性创新的三因子测量模型是有效的,可为后续学者推进和细化破坏性创新的定量研究提供参考。     

创业警觉、资源拼凑对破坏性创新的影响——公司创业情境单案例扎根研究

破坏性创新因资源投入少、竞争压力小等优势成为一种重要的创新模式，但其机会识别与开发这一关键问题仍未得到有效解决。引入公司创业理论，以比亚迪公司为研究对象，运用扎根理论对案例进行剖析。结果发现：公司创业企业在创业警觉支撑下，通过扫描搜索、发散提炼和评估判断过程识别破坏性创新机会，并驱动企业通过资源拼凑整合内外部资源，进而迅速开发破坏性创新机会。此外，为入侵主流市场，企业需要在全过程保持警觉；资源拼凑随着破坏性创新的深入呈现由低阶向高阶、由内部资源向社会网络资源演化的趋势。结论在理论上丰富了破坏性创新相关研究，在实践上可为企业构建破坏性创新路径提供参考。     

Innovation and the competitiveness of industries: Comparing the mainstream and the evolutionary approaches

The study of the relationships between innovation and the competitiveness of industries is an important topic for both, academic research and economic policy. The huge economics literature flourished in the last couple of decades on the subject broadly falls into two distinct research traditions, namely the mainstream R&D spillovers approach and the evolutionary economics view. Both traditions agree on the important role played by innovation and the inter-sectoral diffusion of advanced knowledge for the competitive performance of industrial sectors. Behind this general agreement, however, the two approaches are radically different. This paper shows that, at a deeper level of analysis, the mainstream and evolutionary views do indeed differ with respect to their theoretical foundations, empirical research and policy implications. In a nutshell, while the mainstream R&D spillover approach is inspired by a traditional view of economic policy based on a market-oriented approach, the evolutionary view is on the contrary consistent with the idea that institutional arrangements and policy interventions do indeed play a fundamental role for shaping innovation patterns and their impacts on the competitiveness of industries.     

企业破坏性创新与关联者的反应策略

破坏性创新是创造新市场的有效工具。本文分析了破坏性创新的特征，剖析了破坏性创新和突破性创新之间的差异。破坏性技术创新、商业模式创新和突破性产品创新都是企业可以采用的破坏性创新途径，但它们最终创造的市场特征不同，关联企业需要采取不同的应对策略。     

网络嵌入、资源协奏对颠覆式绿色技术创新的影响

尽管学术界对网络嵌入已有大量研究,但鲜有学者探讨其对颠覆式绿色技术创新的影响。以制造企业为研究对象,运用社会网络理论和资源协奏理论,将网络嵌入划分为结构嵌入和关系嵌入两个维度,探讨两者对制造企业颠覆式绿色技术创新的影响,并分析资源协奏的中介作用和环境洞察能力的调节作用。结果发现：①结构嵌入和关系嵌入不仅对颠覆式绿色技术创新具有显著正向影响,而且对资源协奏也具有显著正向影响;②资源协奏对颠覆式绿色技术创新具有显著正向影响,并且分别在结构嵌入、关系嵌入与颠覆式绿色技术创新之间起部分中介作用;③环境洞察能力正向调节关系嵌入与颠覆式绿色技术创新之间的关系。研究结论有助于厘清网络嵌入对制造企业颠覆式绿色技术创新的作用机理,并拓展资源协奏和颠覆式绿色技术创新相关研究。     

企业主流与新流创新演进机理研究

激烈的市场竞争使人们意识到，企业既需要维持创新发展优势而抢占主流市场，又需要创造新的企业发展优势而赢取未来主流市场。着眼于这一关键任务，实现主流与新流创新演进成为企业持续发展的重点。因此，基于生物进化理论、企业进化理论和企业DNA理论，提出主流与新流创新演进经过了生成、变异、选择、协同阶段。深入研究主流与新流创新的生成、变异、选择、协同机理，并与企业创新发展实践相结合，为企业未来主流创新提供具体路径指导。     

社交电商平台颠覆性创新的触发机制研究——基于拼多多的案例研究

以社交电商平台拼多多为研究对象，开展探索性单案例研究，将其颠覆性创新分为切入下沉市场、侵蚀主流市场两阶段，分析其通过技术创新和商业模式创新匹配共演实现颠覆性创新的路径，在已有研究基础上，构建颠覆性创新触发机制模型。结果表明：第一，在颠覆性创新过程中，技术创新和商业模式创新是匹配共演的，二者在匹配共演下形成螺旋上升的循环链。第二，颠覆性创新要分阶段实现，其触发机制包括前置条件、突破口及驱动因素；在不同阶段，技术创新和商业模式创新分别作为前置条件和突破口，内外部环境作为驱动因素。第三，在颠覆性创新过程中，企业必须充分考虑内外部环境的驱动作用，注重内部技术创新能力、企业战略及外部市场竞争、市场需要。     

基于跨案例研究的颠覆性技术演进特征分析

在梳理前人研究成果的基础上，得到颠覆性技术演进的14个特征范畴，从低端颠覆和高端颠覆视角选取电动自行车等4项不同类型颠覆性技术演进特征进行跨案例分析，遵循复制法对特征范畴进行反复修正、补充与融合，分别得到12个低端颠覆性技术演进特征和13个高端颠覆性技术演进特征，并据此构建全过程视角下颠覆性技术特征模型。通过对两种颠覆性技术演进特征进行对比分析，总结出在创造性、异轨性和迭代性上的特征共性，以及在价值主张、价值路线和价值检验上的特征差异。     

中国企业的需求导向创新实证研究

This paper analyzes the interrelationship among competition, market size and innovation by using the data from total 37 industries in China within a simultaneous equations model. It finds that: (1) Competition and innovation are mutually-enhanced, and this is the consequence of the long-run Darwinian effect in competitive market; (2) Market size and innovation are also positively correlated, because firms’ innovation is essentially demand-oriented (market-oriented), and innovation impelling technological progress will finally increase market size; (3) Between competition and market size, the effect of competition on market size is ambiguous, while the reverse is significantly positive. The policy implication of this paper is as follows: under the condition that China has especially huge market size and market demand, the industry policy of intensifying competition can stimulate firms’ persistent demand-oriented innovation.      

How process improvement efforts can drive organisational innovativeness

In this study, we draw upon literature in technology and innovation management to theorise about how process improvement efforts in organisations can drive the exploratory activity that is generally associated with more radical forms of innovation. We develop a set of propositions on how process improvement efforts might directly and indirectly drive exploration and more radical forms of organisational innovation. These propositions are organised into four categories: (1) ‘Direct’ – how exploratory forms of process improvement can directly drive innovativeness; (2) ‘Resource Capacity’ – how process improvement can increase the resource capacity that drives innovativeness; (3) ‘Knowledge’ – how process improvement efforts can strengthen knowledge resources that drive innovativeness; and (4) ‘Management Vision’ – how process improvement efforts can influence the managerial vision that moderates the effect of process improvement efforts on innovativeness.     

知识密集型服务业集聚、高技术制造业集聚及二者协同集聚的创新驱动效应

知识密集型服务业集聚、高技术制造业集聚及二者协同集聚能够促进创新进而驱动经济增长与绿色发展。运用中介效应分析方法实证检验了3种类型集聚在经济增长、绿色发展方面的创新驱动效应水平差异，结果表明：知识密集型服务业集聚能够驱动经济发展，对绿色发展的正向驱动作用不显著，创新在其集聚驱动经济增长、绿色发展的过程中未表现出显著的中介效应；高技术制造业集聚能够驱动经济发展与绿色发展，创新在此过程中的中介效应显著；相比单个产业集聚，二者协同集聚对经济发展与绿色发展具有更强的正向驱动作用，创新在此过程中的中介效应也更显著。基于上述结论，提出加快创新驱动发展的3项政策建议。     

基于MLP的绿色技术创新过程管理研究

多层次视角（Multi-level perspective，MLP）是将演化经济学与技术研究相结合分析新技术市场化问题的工具。基于MLP分析绿色技术创新过程阶段划分，运用社会网络分析法、模糊德尔菲法和模糊一致偏好关系对创新阶段进行识别。最后，以3D打印技术为例，验证基于MLP的绿色技术创新过程研究的科学性。结果表明：绿色技术创新过程可以划分为技术生态位、技术政体和社会技术地景3个阶段；技术政体可以分为技术政体的引入、构建和成熟3个时期。     

An Evolutionary Approach to Financial Innovation

The purpose of this paper is to explain why some markets for financial products take off while others vanish as soon as they have emerged. To this end, we model an infinite sequence of CAPM-economies in which financial products can be used for insurance purposes. Agents' participation in these financial products, however, is restricted. Consecutive stage economies are linked by a mapping ('transition function") which determines the next period's participation structure from the preceding period's participation. The transition function generates a dynamic process of market participation which is driven by the percentage of informed traders and the rate at which a new asset is adopted. We then analyse the evolutionary stability of stationary equilibria. In accordance with the empirical literature on financial innovation, it is obtained that the success of a financial innovation, a mutation, depends on a sufficiently high trading volume, marketing, and new and differentiated hedging opportunities. In particular, a set of complete markets forming a stationary equilibrium is robust with respect to any further financial innovation while this is not necessarily true for a set of incomplete markets.
"There is no generally accepted theory of financial innovation, but some broad generalizations of the innovation process are possible. What matters is not the invention of a financial product or process (which is often obscure) but its diffusion through the market environment".
Ted Padolski (1987) in: The New Palgrave on Money and Finance: Financial
Innovation and Money Supply (p. 68)     

Is experience a useful resource for business model innovation?

Business model innovation has been proposed as a powerful strategic tool, able to offer competitive advantage, create markets and even reshape industries. Despite these powerful effects, little research has been conducted into studying and improving business model generation methods, and even less study has gone into analysing how to define new business models that can exert a disruptive effect on markets and industries. Our work tries to fill this gap, analysing whether experience encourages or discourages the generation of disruptive business models. An empirical analysis was carried out using an experimental methodology. The results seem to contradict the currently dominant Resource-Based View, but can be explained by the theory on inertia in organisations.     

企业主流与新流创新柔性机制——一项基于扎根理论的多案例探索性研究

在高动荡环境中，主流和新流创新柔性能力培育及应用成为企业界与理论界关注的重要议题。从创新流视角，以6家典型高新技术企业为研究对象，采用扎根理论对案例进行剖析，构建主流与新流创新柔性机制。研究结果显示：在动态的变革环境下，外部情境压力和内部变革压力驱动企业主流创新柔性与新流创新柔性产生及互动，形成企业主流创新柔性、新流创新柔性、主流创新与新流创新柔性交互的互补协同效应，共同促成企业适应变革。在柔性机制运行过程中，内部变革压力和外部变革情境是主要驱动力量，主流创新与新流创新的柔性交互起部分中介作用。该研究结果进一步深化和拓展了创新柔性理论以及主流与新流创新理论，也为复杂不确定环境中的中国企业转型提供了借鉴和启示。     

市场导向驱动企业绿色技术创新模型构建与路径分析

基于对企业绿色技术创新环境和驱动力转换介质的分析，构建企业绿色技术创新基本要素模型，并给出要素的内涵特征及所遵循的准则，阐述了市场导向对企业绿色技术创新的影响路径。结果显示，企业绿色技术创新发生于系统环境中，并以系统收益最大化为目标，市场化机制是其驱动力转换的重要介质。基础知识突破、企业社会资本积累、产品市场需求、企业创新网络、消费主体意识、市场准入时机及政府政策是企业绿色技术创新要素模型的重要构成。构建和优化企业绿色技术创新基本要素模型必须遵守适合性准则、动态性、干预性及系统性准则，而释放绿色技术创新要素供需信号，促进创新所需要素协同，降低企业绿色技术创新交易成本，提高创新要素配置效率是市场导向影响企业绿色技术创新的主要路径。     

数字经济时代下联盟管理能力对企业颠覆性技术创新的影响——知识流动的中介作用与知识重构能力的调节作用

随着5G网络、人工智能等新科技的推广，数字经济时代已经到来。然而，在数字经济时代下，工业企业要在新一轮科技革命中抢占先机，必须组建联盟关系推动颠覆性技术创新。基于创新联盟理论，构建联盟管理能力与企业颠覆性技术创新研究框架，通过对451份有效问卷数据的实证研究发现：①联盟管理能力对企业颠覆性技术创新有显著正向影响；②知识流动在联盟管理能力与企业颠覆性技术创新的关系中起部分中介作用；③知识重构能力调节联盟管理能力与知识流动和颠覆性技术创新之间的正相关关系。