“引洮工程”引发的受水区污染治理研究

[目的]为了解决甘肃中部安定区、陇西县、渭源县、临洮县、榆中县和会宁县的人畜饮水、工业用水、生态用水及农业灌溉用水问题,引洮工程通过九甸峡水利枢纽抬高水位将黄河上游洮河支流水资源引入受水区。在受水区,在调水增加本区供水总量的同时,相应增加了增量水资源使用后带来的废污水,客观上对污染治理工作水平提出了更高要求,轻视排污问题将加剧受水区乃至下游的水系污染程度,影响受水区经济社会的可持续发展。[方法]文章采用文献研究法从理论上探讨了环境容量、排污权及其关系。采用定额计量法计算了调水带来的COD和氨氮增量。[结果]调水使得受水区COD和氨氮每年分别增加6 914. 30t和1 440. 48t。就COD而言,受水区平均排放量占该区环境容量的51. 12%,似有较多的容量结余,但区内排放极不平衡,榆中和会宁已经超排。就氨氮而言,受水区平均排放量将占该区环境容量的151. 55%,总体超排很严重。区内除临洮以外,其余5县区均超排,其中,榆中和会宁超排1倍以上。[结论]排污量是假定增量污水符合二级排放标准的前提下计算的,如果处理率低、排放达标率低,则超排现象会更为严重。对此,要从宏观上进行综合治理,诸如完善政府、社会与市场共同治污机制、排污权配置的过渡性制度安排、污水处理企业改革及引导受水区进行产业结构调整等。     

Enhanced Special Drawing Rights: How China Could Contribute to a Reformed International Monetary Architecture

Since the end of the Bretton Woods era, the world has operated on a de facto system of free‐floating exchange rates, with the US dollar as the dominant international currency. The system, characterized by large pro‐cyclical capital flows and chronic imbalances, is inherently unstable, and has contributed to repeated crises, recessions and geopolitical tensions. One potentially “least‐difficult” line of reform would be to allow the evolution of a multi‐currency system, underpinned by an expanded role for Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Attempts to promote wider use of the SDR have foundered on the liquidity premium. However, for Chinese corporations and institutions, at present restricted in their capital account activities, the SDR liquidity premium would appear less daunting. The Chinese authorities could provide policy encouragement for the use of SDRs by their institutions. This initiative, supported by China's Special Administrative Region Hong Kong, would kick‐start an international SDR ecosystem, and encourage even broader use of SDRs, to the benefit of international monetary stability.     

The major determinants of logistic performance in a global perspective: evidence from panel data analysis

The global logistics industry has grown significantly and logistics has become an important sector of the business economic system and a major global economic activity in recent years. Logistics activities accelerate economic and productivity growth. Efficient logistics is also important to a country’s competitiveness and source of employment. The purpose of this paper is to uncover and understand the major determinants of logistics performance (LP) to further lift the LP of countries. Using unbalanced panel data of 93 selected countries from 2007 to 2014, the present research attempts to critically investigate the major determinants of LP. In estimating the model, this study prefers to use static panel data approach owing to limited data. The findings of the present study reveal that (a) countries with low level of corruption and stable political environment are likely to yield a high level of LP; (b) improvement in resources supply such as infrastructure, technology, labour, and education also have a significant positive effect on LP. Therefore, institutional reforms and upgrading resources will effectively accelerate LP.     

家庭承包地“三权”分置的制度逻辑探究 ——基于制度需求与供给的视角

研究目的:阐明"三权"分置的制度逻辑,为制度供给的增量调整提供一种思路。研究方法:文献分析法、政策文本分析法。研究结果:当下农民、新型农业经营者出现新的制度诉求,既有土地承包经权营制度不足以满足该需求。承包地制度供给创新要做实承包权,辨明"三权"分置下经营权所处的位置。土地经营权的权利塑造过程应坚持物债二分法,实现物权法、合同法双重法制途径的并重。研究结论:承包地"三权"分置本质上是理论创新问题,辨清"三权"分置的制度逻辑,仍需以实践需求为出发点,新的制度供给是一个增量调整与立法跟进问题。对经营权性质的探讨有必要融入物债二分逻辑,对于短期限的土地经营权,应按照契约自由原则,实行意思主义,权利类型、权利内容经双方自由创设,对长期存续的土地经营权可实现物权化,实行物权法定主义,按照法定规格与程序流转。     

中国土地信息学30年发展研究

研究目的:明确土地信息学核心研究内容和学科地位,系统总结1980—2017年中国土地信息学研究的重要进展,划分土地信息学发展的主要阶段及各个阶段重要成果,指出土地信息学未来研究的方向和重点。研究方法:理论归纳法和文献计量法。研究结果:土地信息学是以权籍为核心、土地信息为对象,研究土地信息获取、分析、处理、存储与表达的理论、方法与技术的一门学科,服务于土地调查、评价、规划、利用、整治和保护等信息共享与决策支持。中国土地信息学发展可划分为起步阶段(1980—1995年)、关键技术应用阶段(1996—2006年)与稳步加速发展阶段(2007—2017年)三个阶段。研究结论:未来土地信息学应树立大权籍观,围绕权籍信息采集、管理、分析、表达、安全、标准等问题,研究快速、高效、精准的多元土地信息获取技术;研究土地信息的标准化、安全组织、数据交换和共享管理机制和技术;开展土地信息数据的深度挖掘分析、综合表达、集成应用技术,以及大数据、云计算、人工智能在土地信息学中的应用技术等。     

抵押物处置与农房抵押贷款困境：基于演化博弈的分析

研究目的:分析农民住房财产权抵押(简称农房抵押)贷款困境的主要原因以及抵押物处置对农房抵押贷款行为的影响机理。研究方法:演化博弈论。研究结果:农房抵押贷款发展面临困境的关键在于金融机构惜贷,而抵押物处置难是激发金融机构惜贷的重要原因,但是降低抵押物处置难度只是推动农房抵押贷款发展的必要而非充分条件。研究结论:要促进农房抵押贷款发展,除了必须降低抵押物处置难度外,还需要构建完善的农房抵押贷款制度体系。     

Central bank disclosure as a macroprudential tool for financial stability

The Basel Capital Accord (pillar 3) states that disclosure of information (transparency) is essential to financial stability. This study analyzes, through inflation reports, the disclosure of information from the Central Bank of Brazil concerning the credit market. We consider credit risk and capital buffers as measures of financial stability in this analysis. Furthermore, in order to measure the perception of the monetary authority on the credit market, we built two indices based on the central bank’s communication on credit development. We performed a panel data analysis based on a sample of 125 banks for the period from June 1999 to September 2014 (7000 observations). The findings suggest that central bank communication regarding expectations concerning the credit market contributes to financial stability. Therefore, this kind of communication of central banks (about credit development) may constitute an important macroprudential tool to improve financial stability.     

农村集体经营性建设用地流转模式再审视：基于产权让渡与市场化的视角

研究目的:厘清集体经营性建设用地流转模式,推进集体建设用地入市改革。研究方法:以产权让渡及市场化为视角,采用矩阵分类法划分集体经营性建设用地流转模式,剖析不同流转模式特征与演进路径。研究结果:基于本研究视角可将集体经营性建设用地流转划分为6种模式,不同模式具有不同特征、运行条件、优缺点及收益分配格局,且其存在关联并遵循一定的演进规律。研究结论:规范市场下农地发展权及使用权流转模式将是当前改革的方向,需从法律法规上明确农地发展权相关规定;不同地区需因地制宜地选择流转模式及类型,探索具体实施办法,循序渐进推进流转改革与创新。     

Local tax interaction and endogenous spatial weights based on quality of life

This paper studied the role of municipal quality of life as a driver of strategic tax interactions among local governments. A number of studies point out the existence of strategic interactions using spatial econometric models in which the spatial weights are mostly based on non-economic criteria or basic economic variables such as per capita gross domestic product (GDP). We propose the more sophisticated well-being indicator of municipal quality of life as the driver for these interactions. To deal with the potential endogeneity, we rely on instrumental variable estimators. The empirical analysis focuses on the main local tax in Spain (property) and on municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, and it confirms the relevance of differentials in quality of life for the understanding of tax choices.